• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2012

Fe-(10, 20, 30, 40) wt%Cr alloys were corroded in $Na_2SO_4$ salts ($m.p.=884^{\circ}C$) at $800{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ for 3-300 hrs. Their corrosion resistance increased with an increase in Cr content owing to the formation of slowly growing $Cr_2O_3$. During corrosion, $Na_2SO_4$ dissociated and reacted with the alloys to form $Cr_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$. Since $Fe_2O_3$ dissolved fast into the salts, most of the scales consisted primarily of $Cr_2O_3$. Inside the scale, a small amount of sulfides also existed. The oxidation, dissolution and detachment of the formed scales occurred significantly.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.2321-2326
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• 2018

We evaluated the optimal conditions for fluidization of nickel oxide (NiO) and its reduction into high-purity Ni during hydrogen reduction in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor. A comparative study was performed through structural shape analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM); variance in pressure drop, minimum fluidization velocity, terminal velocity, reduction rate, and mass loss were assessed at temperatures ranging from 400 to $600^{\circ}C$ and at 20, 40, and 60 min in reaction time. We estimated the sample weight with most active fluidization to be 200 g based on the bed diameter of the fluidized bed reactor and height of the stocked material. The optimal conditions for NiO hydrogen reduction were found to be height of sample H to the internal fluidized bed reactor diameter D was H/D=1, reaction temperature of $550^{\circ}C$, reaction time of 60 min, superficial gas velocity of 0.011 m/s, and pressure drop of 77 Pa during fluidization. We determined the best operating conditions for the NiO hydrogen reduction process based on these findings.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.156-168
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• 2023

This study investigates the high temperature oxidation behaviour of a Ni-20Cr-1.2Si (wt.%) alloy in steam from 1200 ℃ to 1350 ℃ by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrate that exposed Ni-based alloy developed a thin oxide scale, consisted mainly of Cr₂O₃. The oxidation kinetics obtained from the experimental results was applied to evaluate the hydrogen generation considering a simplified reactor core model with different cladding alloys following an unmitigated Loss-Of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) scenario in a hypothetical Small Modular Reactor (SMR). Overall, experimental data and simulations results show that both Fe-based and Ni-based alloys may enhance cladding survivability, delaying its melting, as well as reducing hydrogen generation under accident conditions compared to Zr-based alloys. However, a substantial neutron absorption occurs when Ni-based alloys are used as cladding for current uranium-dioxide fuel systems, even when compared to Fe-based alloys.

• 폴리머
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.518-525
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• 2007

내열성 유기화 점토를 사용하여 얻은 폴리(에틸렌 테레프탈레이트)(PET) 나노복합체 섬유들의 열적, 기계적 성질 및 모폴로지를 서로 비교하였다. PET 나노복합체 섬유에는 도데실트리페닐포스포늄-마이카($C_{12}PPh-Mica$)와 1-헥사데칸벤즈이미다졸-마이카($C_{16}BIMD-Mica$) 등의 유기화 점토가 사용되었다. In-situ 중합법을 이용하여 PET에 다양한 농도의 유기화 점토가 나노 크기로 분산된 복합재료를 합성하였다. PET 나노복합체 섬유의 열적-기계적 성질을 측정하기 위해 시차 주사 열분석기(DSC)와 열 중량 분석기(TGA), 넓은 각 X-선 회절 분석기(WAXD), 전자현미경(SEM과 TEM) 그리고 만능 인장 시험기(UTM)를 이용하였다. 전자현미경으로 관찰된 나노복합체 섬유 중 점토의 일부는 나노 크기로 잘 분산되었으나 한편으로는 뭉쳐진 형태도 보였다. 본 연구로부터 소량의 유기화 점토의 첨가가 나노복합체 섬유의 열 안정성과 기계적 성질을 증가시키는데 크게 기여하였음을 알았고, 5 wt% 이하의 소량의 유기화 점토를 이용한 복합재료의 열적 기계적 성질은 순수한 PET 섬유보다도 더 높은 값을 보여주었다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.122-131
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• 2002

옥천대 변성 이질암에 분포하는 백운모, 녹니석 및 흑운모는 각기 다른 크기에서 intergrowth와 interlayer 된 것을 전자현미분석(EPMA) 배면 산란 전자상(BEI) 관찰 및 투과 전자현미경(TEM)을 이용한 lattice fringe 상 관찰을 통한 연구에서 밝혔다. 이들 세 광물은 편광현미경 관찰에서도 intergrow된 것이 관찰되며 EPMA 분해능 이하의 크기에서는 interlayer된 것으로 보인다. 다시 말하면, EPMA 분석 자료는 흔히 백운모/녹니석(M/C), 흑운모/녹니 석(B/C), 백운모/파이로필라이트/녹니석(M/Py/C), 흑운모/파이로필라이트/녹니석(B/Py/C) 또는 흑운모/백운모/녹니석(B/M/C)과 같이 두 개 이상의 phyllosilicate 광물의 혼합 형태로 나타난다. BEI 관찰에서는 세 광물(백운모, 녹니석 및 흑운모)이 하나의 입자 안에서 다양한 크기로 섞여 있는 것으로 나타나며, TEM lattice fringe 상 관찰과 제한 시야 전자 회절상 관찰에 의하면 이들 세 광물 사이의 interlayering은 석류석대 변성암에서까지 관찰된다. TEM 관찰 결과 녹니석대 변성암에서는 M/C와 함께 7-$\AA$ layer(사문석, 녹니석의 전신)가 -$10\AA$ layer(백운모) 내에 100~200 $\AA$ 크기로 inter-layer된 것이 밝혀졌다. 흑운모대 변성암으로 가면 7-$\AA$ layer는 크기와 발견 횟수가 감소하고 10-$\AA$ layer는 녹니석(14 $\AA$)과 개별 layer 수준에서 interlayer된다. 석류석대 변성암에서는 7-$\AA$ layer는 더 이상 관찰되지 않으며 10-$\AA$ layer(흑운모)가 녹니석과 50~100 $\AA$ 크기로 interlayer된다.(BEI, TEM). 석류석대 변성암에서는 비교적 큰 크기(1000~2000 $\AA$)의 intergrowth가 흔히 관찰된다. 그러나 세 개의 변성대 암석은 모두 TEM 관찰에서 7-, 10-, 또는 14-$\AA$ layer들이 몇 개의 layer 단위에서 서로 interlayer된 것을 보여준다. 이와 같은 결과는 백운모, 녹니석 및 흑운모와 같은 변성 광물들이 비평형 광물 반응으로 만들어 졌으며 그 결과 불균질한 광물로 되었다는 것을 암시한다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2010

The hot corrosion properties of heat-resistant steels were investigated in an oxidation atmosphere including artificial ash and sulfur dioxide. The heat-resistant steels of T22, T92, T122, T347HFG, Super304H and HR3C were evaluated at 620, 670 and $720^{\circ}C$ for 400 hours. The relationship between the corrosion rate and the temperature followed a bell-shaped curve with a peak rate at around $670^{\circ}C$. The corrosion rates showed a decreasing tendency as the chrome contents of these steels increased from 2.15 wt.% to 24.5 wt.%, and austenitic steels had a lower corrosion rate than ferritic steels. Sulfidation by $SO_2$ as well as molten salt corrosion also had an effect on the total corrosion rate, especially showing an increase in the corrosion rate in ferritic steels. Regardless of the chrome content in the steels and irrespective of the test temperature, the corrosion scale was composed of an outer oxide and an artificial ash mixed layer, a middle oxide layer and inner sulfide, and a mixed oxide layer. As the chrome content increased, the proportion of chrome oxide in the corrosion scale increased. Before spalling of the corrosion scale, voids and cracks were initiated in the sulfide and the mixed oxide layer or at the interface with the substrate.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2007

Biodegradable polymeric blends are expected to be widely used by industry due to their environmental friendliness and comparable mechanical and thermal properties. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) are such biodegradable polymers which aim to replace commodity polymers in future applications. Since cost and brittleness of PLA is quite high, it is not economically feasible to use it alone for day to day use as a packaging material without blending. In this study, blends of PLA and PBS with various compositions were prepared by using a laboratory-scale twin-screw extruder at $180^{\circ}C$. Morphological, thermal, rheological and mechanical properties were investigated on the samples obtained by compression molding to explore suitability of these compositions for packaging applications. Morphology of the blends was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphology showed a clear phase difference trend depending on blend composition. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) thermograms of the blends indicated that the glass transition temperature ($T_g$) of PLA did not change much with the addition of PBS, but analysis showed that for PLA/PBS blend of up to 80/20 composition there is partial miscibility between the two polymers. The tensile strength and modulus were measured by the Instron Universal Testing Machine. Tensile strength, modulus and percentage (%) elongation at break of the blends decreased with PBS content. However, tensile strength and modulus values of PLA/PBS blend for up to 80/20 composition nearly follow the mixing rule. Rheological results also show miscibility between the two polymers for PBS composition less than 20% by weight. PBS reduced the brittleness of PLA, thus making it a contender to replace plastics for packaging applications. This work found a partial miscibility between PBS and PLA by investigating thermal, mechanical and morphological properties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.2037-2043
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• 2017

The surface protein hemagglutinin (HA) mediates the attachment of influenza virus to host cells containing sialic acid and thus facilitates viral infection. Therefore, HA is considered as a good target for the development of diagnostic tools for influenza virus. Previously, we reported the isolation of single-stranded aptamers that can distinguish influenza subtype H1 from H5. In this study, we describe a method for the selective electrical detection of H1 using the isolated aptamer as a molecular probe. After immobilization of the aptamer on Si wafer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that the immobilized aptamer bound specifically to the H1 subtype but not to the H5 subtype. Assessment by cyclic voltammetry (CV) also demonstrated that the immobilized aptamer on the indium thin oxide-coated surface was specifically bound to the H1 subtype only, which was consistent with the ELISA and FE-SEM results. Further measurement of CV using various amounts of H1 subtype provided the detection limit of the immobilized aptamer, which showed that a nanomolar scale of target protein was sufficient to produce the signal. These results indicated that the selected aptamer can be an effective probe for distinguishing the subtypes of influenza viruses by monitoring current changes.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2009

Studies on plants such as lotus leaf suggested that dual-scale structure could contribute to super-hydrophobicity. We introduced super-hydrophobicity onto poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) fabric with dual-scale structure by assembling $TiO_2$ nano sol. PET fabric was treated with $TiO_2$ sol, water-repellent agent using various parameters such as particle size, concentration. Morphological changes by particle size were observed using field emmission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and AFM measurement, contact angle measurement equipment. The contact angle of water was about 138.5$^{\circ}$, 125.8$^{\circ}$, 125.5$^{\circ}$ and 108.9$^{\circ}$ for PET fabric coated with 60.2nm, 120.1nm, 200nm and 410.5nm $TiO_2$ particles, compared with about 111.5$^{\circ}$ for PET fabric coated with water repellent. When we mixed particle sizes of 60.2nm and 120.1nm by 7:3 volume ratio, the contact angle of water was about 132.5$^{\circ}$. And we mixed particle sizes of 60.2nm and 200nm by 7:3 volume ratio, the contact angle of water was about 141.8$^{\circ}$. Also we mixed particle sizes of 60.2nm and 410.5nm by 7:3 volume ratio, the best super-hydrophobicity was obtained. In this paper, we fabricated various surface structures to the water-repellent surfaces by using four types of $TiO_2$ nano-particles, and we found that the nanoscale structure was very important for the super-hydrophobicity.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.319-319
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• 2013

Even though the fabrication methods of metal oxide based thin film capacitor have been well established such as RF sputtering, Sol-gel, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD), an applicable capacitor of printed circuit board (PCB) has not realized yet by these methods. Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) and other high-k ceramic oxides are important materials used in integrated passive devices, multi-chip modules (MCM), high-density interconnect, and chip-scale packaging. Thin film multi-layer technology is strongly demanded for having high capacitance (120 nF/$mm^2$). In this study, we suggest novel multi-layer thin film capacitor design and fabrication technology utilized by plasma assisted deposition and photolithography processes. Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) was used for the dielectric material since it has high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. 5-layered BST and Pt thin films with multi-layer sandwich structures were formed on Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si substrate by RF-magnetron sputtering and DC-sputtering. Pt electrodes and BST layers were patterned to reveal internal electrodes by photolithography. SiO2 passivation layer was deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). The passivation layer plays an important role to prevent short connection between the electrodes. It was patterned to create holes for the connection between internal electrodes and external electrodes by reactive-ion etching (RIE). External contact pads were formed by Pt electrodes. The microstructure and dielectric characteristics of the capacitors were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and impedance analyzer, respectively. In conclusion, the 0402 sized thin film multi-layer capacitors have been demonstrated, which have capacitance of 10 nF. They are expected to be used for decoupling purpose and have been fabricated with high yield.