• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2017

Defatted bovine liver (DBL) is a potential source of protein and minerals. Supercritical carbon dioxide ($SC-CO_2$) and a traditional organic solvent method were used to remove lipid from bovine liver, and the quality characteristics of a control bovine liver (CBL), bovine liver defatted by $SC-CO_2$ ($DBLSC-CO_2$) at different pressures, and bovine liver defatted by organic solvent (DBL-OS) were compared. The $DBLSC-CO_2$ samples had significantly higher (p<0.05) protein, amino acid, carbohydrate, and fiber contents than CBL and DBL-OS. There was a higher yield of lipid from CBL when using $SC-CO_2$ than the organic solvent method. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the CBL and $DBLSC-CO_2$ had protein bands of a similar intensity and area, whereas DBL-OS appeared extremely poor bands or no bands due to the degradation of proteins, particularly in the 50 to 75 kDa and 20 to 25 kDa molecular weight ranges. In addition, $DBLSC-CO_2$ was shown to have superior functional properties in terms of total soluble content, water and oil absorption, and foaming and emulsification properties. Therefore, $SC-CO_2$ treatment offers a nutritionally and environmentally friendly approach for the removal of lipid from high protein food sources. In addition, $SC-CO_2$ may be a better substitute of traditional organic solvent extraction for producing more stable and high quality foods with high-protein, fat-free, and low calorie contents.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.285-295
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• 2014

Citrus essential oil were extracted from citron peel of cultivated in Gohong (CCP) using environmentally friendly supercritical carbon dioxide method. Antioxidant activity and aroma composition of the essential oils extracted by the SC-$CO_2$ method were evaluated by comparing with those extracted by organic solvent method. Fatty acid composition, DPPH scavenging, and antioxidant activity of the oils obtained by different extraction condition of SC-$CO_2$ method were investigated and their antioxidant activities were compared with commercially available lavender, eucalyptus and tea tree oils. As the results, linoleic acid was most abundantly found from CCP oil extracted by the SC-$CO_2$ method and cis-11,144-eicosadienoic acids was second abundantly found. Radical scavenging ability of DPPH was 98% when the concentration of CCP oil was 50 mg/mL. This scavenging ability increased with the increase of oil concentration. On the other hand, flavonoids content (84 mg/100g) of the CCP oil extracted by the SC-$CO_2$ method was slightly higher than that (75 mg/100g) by hexane extraction. The results, obtained from CCP oil by GC-MS, indicated that, among 66 components, the content of terpenes was 55.8% and limonene was 27.3%.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2015

Seaweed Sargassum horneri extracts were obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide ($SC-CO_2$) and different solvents. $SC-CO_2$ was kept at a temperature of $45^{\circ}C$ and pressure of 250 bar. The flow rate of $CO_2$ (27 g/min) was constant during the entire 2-h extraction period, and ethanol was used as a cosolvent. Six different solvents [acetone, hexane, methanol, ethanol, acetone mix methanol (7:3), and hexane mix ethanol (9:1)] were used for extraction and agitated by magnetic stirring (250 rpm) in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 h; the ratio of material to solvent was 1:10 (w/v). Antioxidant properties of S. horneri extracted using $SC-CO_2$ with ethanol and different solvents have shown good activity. The highest activity belongs to $SC-CO_2$ with ethanol extracted oil, showing DPPH, ABTS, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid levels of $68.38{\pm}1.21%$, $83.51{\pm}1.25%$, $0.64{\pm}0.02mg/g$, and $5.57{\pm}0.05mg/g$, respectively. The S. horneri extracts showed a significant correlation between the antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Based on these results, the $SC-CO_2$ extract (ethanol) of the seaweed extract from brown seaweed may be a valuable antioxidant source.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.14-24
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• 2019

In this study, dyeability of PET fabric was investigated depending on dyeing temperature, pressure, and leveling time using laboratory scale supercritical $CO_2(scCO_2)$ dyeing machine. Dyeing temperature, pressure, leveling time were varied from 100, 120, $130^{\circ}C$, 150, 200, 250bar, 40, 60, 80, 100min, respectively. It is proved that the higher temperature of $scCO_2$ dyeing process, the higher K/S value and the lower $L^*$ value, which in turn means the lower amount of dyeing molecules remained after process done. Compared 200bar with 250bar of dyeing pressure, $scCO_2$ dyeing fabrics under 250bar appeared to have a lower $L^*$ value, a higher K/S value than those from 200bar, meaning that dyeing color turns to darker with higher dyeing pressure. The experiments showed that the most ideal condition for $scCO_2$ dyeing process is $120^{\circ}C$, 250bar for 60 - 100min of leveling time.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2019

본 연구는 초임계 이산화탄소 및 유기용매를 이용하여 동결건조된 붕장어로부터 초임계 이산화탄소 및 유기용매를 이용하여 오일을 추출하고 그 특성을 파악하였다. 초임계 이산화탄소의 경우 압력(25, 30 MPa) 및 온도(45, 55 ℃) 조건을 변화시켜 실험을 수행하였으며, 초임계 이산화탄소의 유량(27 g min^-1)은 실험 중 일정하게 유지되었다. 유기용매로는 헥산(hexane)을 사용하였다. 오일 추출 수율의 경우 55 ℃, 30 MPa에서 추출한 오일이 37.73 ± 0.14%로 가장 높은 수율을 나타내었다. 추출된 오일의 지방산 조성은 가스 크로마토그래피를 이용하여 분석하였으며, mystric acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)가 붕장어 오일의 주요 지방산으로 확인되었다. 산가, 과산화물가 및 유리지방산을 측정함으로써 추출된 붕장어 오일의 산화 안정성을 평가하였으며, 55 ℃, 30 MPa에서 추출한 오일로 부터 최상의 산화 안정성을 확인하였다. 소비자들의 선호도에 직접적인 영향을 끼치는 색도의 경우는 초임계 이산화탄소를 통해 추출된 오일이 유기용매를 이용하여 추출된 오일보다 뛰어난 색도를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. 붕장어로부터 초임계 이산화탄소를 이용하여 오일을 추출하게 되면 유기용매를 사용한 방법보다 더 나은 경제적 이익을 가져올 수 있으며, 초임계 이산화탄소를 이용할 경우 후처리 공정이 없기 때문에 더 친환경적인 오일의 추출법임을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2011

한방에서 토복령으로 알려진 청미래 덩굴 뿌리(Smilax china L. rhizome) 추출물 투여가 체내 중금속 함량에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 4주령 SD rat을 대상으로 중금속을 투여하지 않은 정상군, 중금속(Pb, Cd, As, Hg) 투여한 대조군 및 청미래 덩굴 뿌리 추출물(SCE)을 체중 kg당 13 mg(SC1)과 26 mg(SC2)씩 투여한 군으로 나누어 3주간 사육하였다. 체중 증가나 표적 장기의 무게는 실험군들 간의 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 신장에서의 중금속 축적량은 대조군에 비하여 SCE 투여군에서 3주 후 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 특히 SC2군에서 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 간에서는 대조군과 비교해 SCE 투여군에서 Cd을 제외하고 3주 후 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 혈청의 경우 SC2군에서 Pb와 Cd의 유의적인 감소가 나타났다. 털에서 중금속 함량을 비교한 결과, SC2군에서 Pb의 함량이 현저하게 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 체내의 중금속 축적 장기인 간과 신장 그리고 혈액 및 털에서 Pb와 Cd, As, Hg의 함량을 측정하였으며, SCE 투여량이 증가할수록 그 함량이 감소하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.629-635
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• 1993

정어리 유(油)를 추출 분리하기 위하여 초임계 탄산가스를 용매로하여 추출을 시도하였다. 초임계 탄산가스의 추출조에서의 조건은 추출압력은 5,000~8,000psig. 추출온도는 50~$80^{\circ}C$로 하였을때 탄산가스의 흐름과 확산이 좋았다. 그러므로 평형 용해도는 가스의 유속이 높을때 추출조에서 쉽게 일어난다. 이러한 추출조건하에서 온도 $60^{\circ}C$, 압력 6,000psig. 일때 추출효과가 가장 좋았다. 초임계탄산가스를 추출된 정어리 유는 핵산으로 추출한 것보다 색소가 약하고 냄새도 적었으며 인의 함량은 낮았다. 추출장치에서 분획한 결과 eicosapentaenoic acid($C_{20-5}$)가 90.5%까지 분리되었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2014

In this study, Krill Eupausia superba oil was extracted using different solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$). During SC-$CO_2$ extraction, the pressure was set at 40 MPa and temperatures ranged from $40^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$. We examined the differences in volatile compounds and safety profiles among extraction methods. Volatile compounds were determined using the thermal desorption system integrated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Heavy metal content was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). According to our results 10 volatile compounds were identified in krill sample. After SC-$CO_2$ extraction of oil, the concentrations of volatile compounds decreased, but increased after solvent extraction. In krill, heavy metal concentrations remained within the permissible limit. Moreover, Zn and Fe which have health benefits were detected at high concentrations. During a 90 days storage period at different temperatures, microbial activity was found to be lowest in SC-$CO_2$ extracted residues. Thus, the quality of krill oil and the residues obtained using SC-$CO_2$ extraction was higher and the oil was safer than those obtained using conventional solvent extraction. These results can be applied to the food industry to maintain high quality krill products.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.860-865
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• 1997

Investigations were performed on the effects of extraction temperature, pressure, time on solubility and selectivity of egg yolk lipid and cholesterol, and color and fatty acid composition of the residue in supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-Co$_2$) extraction. Lipid and cholesterol solubility increased as the increase of Co$_2$ density and was found to strongly depend on the extraction pressure rather than the extraction temperature. The relative concentration of cholesterol in the extract increased with an increase in temperature and decreased with an increase in pressure and extraction time. extraction of dried eg yolk for 3hr at 4$0^{\circ}C$/276 bar removed 46.1% of cholesterol from the residual egg yolk with a yield of 63.2%. SC-Co$_2$ extraction produced a lighter color egg yolk with less redness and yellowness. As the extraction time increased, the resultant residual egg yolk became more saturated with fatty acids. SC-$CO_2$ extraction offers a safe, natural method for removing cholesterol from dried egg yolk.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2008

In this paper, we introduce the concept of the semi-preconvex set on preconvexity spaces. We study some properties for the semi-preconvex set. Also we introduce the concepts of the sc-convex function and $s^*c$-convex function. Finally, we characterize sc-convex functions, $s^*$-convex functions and semi-preconvex sets by using the co-convexity hull and the convexity hull.