• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.266-275
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• 1997

지모는 야생에서 수집하여 순화재배하고 있는 약용작물로서 근경을 주로 이용하고 있으며 주성분은 사포닌으로서 발한, 진통, 이뇨 등의 약리작용이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 시험은 전국 각지에서 수집한 지모 재래종 20계통의 작물학적 특성조사로 수집 재래종간 유연관계(類緣關係)를 밝혀 지모의 재래종을 분류하고자 하였다. 1. 화경수, 화축장 등과 같은 화경기관에 관련된 특성들의 변이가 엽장, 근경길이 등 지상부 또는 지하부에 관련된 특성들의 변이 보다 높았다. 2. 지상부 생육이 왕성할수록 화경장, 화경수등 생식기관도 잘 발달되었으나 화경의 발달은 엽의 엽록소함량과 부의 상관관계 를 나타내었다. 3. 지하부 특성은 업의 생육특성보다 화경관련 형질과 상호 관련성 이 높았다. 4. 중심 연결법에 의한 군집 분석결과 크게 2 group으로 분류되었는데 A group은 B group에 비하여 엽수, 화경수가 많고 화경장, 화경직경이 길고 굵으며 지상부 건물중이 무거운 등 지상부 생육이 왕성하였다. 5. A group은 잎의 크기, 화축장 및 화경직경에 의하여 다시 2개군으로 분류되었고 B group은 엽수, 화경수, 지상부 건물중 등에 의하여 2개군으로 분류 되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2016

Background: Blind and excessive application of fertilizers was found during the cultivation of Panax notoginseng in fields, as well as increase in root rot disease incidence. Methods: Both "3414" application and orthogonal test designs were performed at Shilin county, Yunnan province, China, for NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and mineral fertilizers, respectively. The data were used to construct the one-, two-, and three-factor quadratic regression models. The effect of fertilizer deficiency on root yield loss was also analyzed to confirm the result predicted by these models. A pot culture experiment was performed to observe the incidence rate of root rot disease and to obtain the best range in which the highest yield of root and saponins could be realized. Results: The best application strategy for NPK fertilizer was $0kg/667m^2$, $17.01kg/667m^2$, and $56.87kg/667m^2$, respectively, which can produce the highest root yield of 1,861.90 g (dried root of 100 plants). For mineral fertilizers, calcium and magnesium fertilizers had a significant and positive effect on root yield and the content of four active saponins, respectively. The severity of root rot disease increased with the increase in soil moisture. The best range of soil moisture varied from 0.56 FC (field capacity of water) to 0.59 FC, when the highest yield of root and saponins could be realized as well as the lower incidence rate of root disease. Conclusion: These results indicate that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in these fields is excessive and that of potassium fertilizer is deficient. Higher soil moisture is an important factor that increases the severity of the root rot disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.120-126
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the some physicochemical properties of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) water extract (RGWE) after heated with high temperatures above $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. RGWEs were heated at 100, 110 and $120^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours by using autoclave. After RGWEs were heated at high temperature for 2 hours without not adjustment of pH, the changes of saponin, free sugars, mineral and color in the RGWEs were investigated. Total ginsenoside content in control was 1.99%, while those of RGWE were 1.65, 1.49 and 1.29% when treated at 100, 110 and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. The contents of total ginsenoside showed decreased tendency as heating temperatures were increased. The ginsenoside-$Rh_{2}$ and $-Rg_{3}$, which have been reported as very stable red ginseng ginsenosides, showed relatively strong spots on TLC when RGWEs were heated at 110 and $120^{\circ}C$. In case of free sugars in RGWEs, fructose, glucose and maltose showed high contents when compared with control, while Fe, Ca and Mg ions showed very low contents. Value of L in RGWE treated with high temperature was almost the same with control, while values of a and b were increased. Values of a were increased from -0.86 of control to +0.04, +0.05 and +1.14 when treated with 100, 110 and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. Values of b also were increased from 27.68 of control to 33.61, 33.61 and 37.42 when treated with 100, 110 and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. Values of total color in RGWEs treated with high temperatures, E, were finally increased by values of a and b.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.393-401
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• 2007

인삼의 여러 생리 활성 가운데 항산화 정도를 알아보기 위하여 백삼(6 년근), 백삼(5 년근), 피부백삼(5 년근), 피부백삼 (4 년근) 의 80% 에탄올 엑기스, 에틸아세테이트 분획, 수포화 부탄올 분획, 물 분획을 얻은 후 LC/Mass 를 사용하여 사포닌 함량을 조사하고 기존의 여러 가지 항산화 작용 측정 방법들의 오류를 없애고 더욱 정확한 결과를 낼 수 있는 대처 방안으로 선정된 ORAC Assay에 의해 항산화 활성을 검토하였다. 인삼 중 사포닌은 ginsenoside Rg 1 과 Rb1 이 주요 성분으로 다량 함유하고 있었으며, Rc, Rb2, Re 등이 뒤를 이었고, 그밖에도 Rd, Rg3, Rh1가 널리 분포하고 있었다. 피부백삼 5 년근의 경우 에탄올 엑기스와 수포화 부탄올 분획에서 다른 인삼 분획에 비해 높은 함유량을 보였으나 실험의 한계상 인삼 재배기간과 인삼 종류별 각각의 분획에 대한 사포닌 함량 비교는 어려웠다. 인삼의 각 분획별 항산화 활성은 80% 에탄올 엑기스, 에틸아세테이트 분획, 수포화 부탄올 분획, 물 분획 모두에서 나타났고 비교적 전체 유기 용매 분획의 값이 비슷하였으며, 수층 분획이 다소 낮은 활성을 보였다. 검체 인삼들의 각 용매추출 분획 상호간의 유의성 비교에서는 모든 인삼 검체의 에틸아세테이트 분획에서만 유의성을 나타내었다(p>0.05). 인삼 중 항산화 활성은 에틸아세테이트 층으로 이행되는 폴리페놀 계통 성분이나 일부 비극성의 사포닌에 의한 것으로 추측되고 있으나 모든 분획에서 나타난 것으로 보아 이들 외에 산성 다당체, 당 단백질, 수용성 다당류 등 다른 생리활성 물질에 대한 연구가 요구된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (G) and Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LLA) are core traditional Chinese medicines in treating myelosuppression formula. The present study was designed to profile effect of G and LLA herb pair (G-LLA) on myelosuppressed mice. Methods: The mice myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy). Hematopoietic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peripheral blood count, and serum hemopoietic factors were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. HPLC was used to measure 20 potential chemical components related to myelosuppression, including ginsenoside Rg₁, Re, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd, Rk₃, Rh₄, 20 (S)-Rg₃, 20 (R)-Rg₃, Rk₁, Rg₅, salidroside, and so on. Results: G, LLA, and G-LLA improved the amount of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of myelosuppressed mice (P < 0.01). They significantly increased the colony quantity of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid, colony-forming unit-erythroid, and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte and amount of G₂/M and S phase cells (P < 0.01). They also significantly decreased the amount of hematopoiesis-related cytokines (P < 0.01). The content of chemical components in G-LLA changed, and the change of rare saponin was the most obvious. Conclusion: These results show that G-LLA herb pair might produce synergistic or complementary compatibility effects on bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy. It suggests that the substance basis of G-LLA for treating bone marrow suppression may be effective chemical components.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.861-866
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• 2010

산삼배양근을 식품소재 첨가물로의 이용성을 알아보고자 열수 및 70% 에탄올 추출물에 대한 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 열수추출물의 수율은 건물당 27.86%이었으며, 70% 에탄올추출물은 18.33%이었다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 열수 및 70% 에탄올 추출물에서 각각 17.90 mg/g 및 22.63 mg/g 이었다. Ginsenoside Rb1 및 Rg1의 함량은 각각 1.45 mg/g 및 0.96 mg/g 이었다. 1~20 mg/mL 농도에서 물추출물 및 70% 에탄올 추출물의 전자공여능은 각각 2.82~60.58% 및 3.88~70.88% 이었으며, 환원력에서는 70% 에탄올 추출물이 0.07~1.90이었고 물 추출물은 대체적으로 낮았다. SOD 유사활성은 물 추출물은 큰 차이가 없었으나 70%에탄올 추출물에서는 농도가 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 아질산염 소거능은 SOD 유사활성의 결과와 유사하였다. 지질산패 억제능은 70% 에탄올 추출물은 9.18~66.59%로 물 추출물의 4.74~24.88%에 비하여 1.9~2.8 배 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 산삼배양근 추출물은 70% 에탄올 추출물의 항산화성이 우수하여 산화방지제 및 기능성 증진용 소재 활용에 효과가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2005

Soybean is an important plant as the source of protein and oil, as well as phytochemicals such as genistien, daidzein, phenolic acids, phytic acid, tocopherol, and saponin. Chungkukjang, a fermented soybean paste, is common in Korean meals and bacillus is usually used in the fermentation of steamed soybean. For its processing, whole soybeans are boiled in water until the beans are soft, and then the drained beans are wrapped with rice straw or starter and set in a warm place at $65^{\circ}C\;for\;3\;\~\;4\;days$. Normally, the remaining cooked water which was drained from the steamed beans is discarded. We supposed that this water possesses hish amounts of useful components, and we therefore developed a modified method using the cooked water. After fermentation, we added the remaining cooked water which had been drained from the beans to the fermented soy beans and boiled them together. To investigate the bio-functionality of the modified Chungkukjang, the total antioxidative activity, isoflavones contents, phenolic acids, and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) were measured at each stage of the preparation of chungkukjang. The original and modified chungkukjang possessed a high antioxidative activity compared with the other samples, as did the drained water after steaming of the soybean. The contents of genistein, daidzein, and phenolic acids, which contained antioxidative activity, were also increased in the original chungkukjang and their contents were similar in the modified chungkukjang. The content of 3-DG was increased in the modified chungkukjang compare with the original. It is suggested that the active soybean components delivered to the drained water during the steaming process were useful for increasing the bio-functionality of the modified chungkukjang.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.389-400
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• 2013

Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been reported to exert anticancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, there has been no report on the effect of KRG on skin pigmentation. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of KRG on melanocyte proliferation. KRG extract (KRGE) at different concentrations had no effect on melanin synthesis in melan-A melanocytes. Saponin of KRG (SKRG) inhibited melanin content to 80% of the control at 100 ppm. Keratinocyte-derived factors induced by UV-irradiation were reported to stimulate melanogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and dendrite formation. In this study, treatment of melan-A melanocytes with conditioned media from UV-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes increased melanocyte proliferation. When UV-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes were treated with KRGE or SKRG, the increase of melanocyte proliferation by the conditioned media was blocked. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was produced and released from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. This factor has been reported to be involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal melanocytes. In this study, GM-CSF was significantly increased in SP-1 keratinocytes by UVB irradiation ($30mJ/cm^2$), and the proliferation of melan-A melanocytes increased significantly by GM-CSF treatment. In addition, the proliferative effect of keratinocyte-conditioned media on melan-A melanocytes was blocked by anti-GM-CSF treatment. KRGE or SKRG treatment decreased the expression of GM-CSF in SP-1 keratinocytes induced by UVB irradiation. These results demonstrate that UV irradiation induced GM-CSF expression in keratinocytes and KRGE or SKRG inhibited its expression. Therefore, KRG could be a good candidate for regulating UV-induced melanocyte proliferation.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2004

깻잎을 이용한 건강 식품을 개발하고자 먼저 깻잎의 주산지인 금산에서 5월 온실재배한 깻잎과 8월 노지재배한 깻잎들의 품질특성과 향기성분을 조사하였다. 시료깻잎 모두 4.0%의 조단백질과 0.8%의 조지방을 함유하고 있었고 플라보노이드의 함량은 온실재배 깻잎 25.2%, 노지재배 깻잎 26.5%로 시료깻잎간에 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았으며 조사포닌 함량도 2.7%와 2.8%로 비슷하였다. 시료깻잎의 효소 활성은 오직 알칼리성 단백질 분해효소 활성만이 8월 노지재배 깻잎에서만 물 추출물 7.1 unit, 에탄을 추출물 11.8 unit을 보였고 기타 효소 활성은 없었다. 8월 노지재배 깻잎의 조직감 특성으로 먼저 견고성과 탄력성 등은 잎의 상층부와 중층부 보다 잎받침을 포합하는 하층부에서 높았고 응집성은 하층부가 약간 약하였으며 5월 온실재배 깻잎은 씹힘성이 다소 낮았을 뿐 8월 노지재배 깻잎과 비슷하였다. 5월 온실재배와 8월 노지재배 깻잎에는 1-octen-3-ol, linalool, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\alpha$-caryophyllene, $\alpha$-famesene, perilla ketone, nerolidol, eugenol, $\alpha$-cadinol등 14종∼15종의 향기성분을 함유하고 있었고 주요한 향기성분은 perilla ketone 이었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.366-375
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• 2023

Background: Ginseng contains three active components: ginsenosides, gintonin, and polysaccharides. After the separation of 1 of the 3 ingredient fractions, other fractions are usually discarded as waste. In this study, we developed a simple and effective method, called the ginpolin protocol, to separate gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), ginseng polysaccharide fraction (GPF), and crude ginseng saponin fraction (cGSF). Methods: Dried ginseng (1 kg) was extracted using 70% ethanol (EtOH). The extract was water fractionated to obtain a water-insoluble precipitate (GEF). The upper layer after GEF separation was precipitated with 80% EtOH for GPF preparation, and the remaining upper layer was vacuum dried to obtain cGSF. Results: The yields of GEF, GPF, and cGSF were 14.8, 54.2, and 185.3 g, respectively, from 333 g EtOH extract. We quantified the active ingredients of 3 fractions: L-arginine, galacturonic acid, ginsenosides, glucuronic acid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), phosphatidic acid (PA), and polyphenols. The order of the LPA, PA, and polyphenol content was GEF > cGSF > GPF. The order of L-arginine and galacturonic acid was GPF >> GEF = cGSF. Interestingly, GEF contained a high amount of ginsenoside Rb1, whereas cGSF contained more ginsenoside Rg1. GEF and cGSF, but not GPF, induced intracellular [Ca²⁺]_i transient with antiplatelet activity. The order of antioxidant activity was GPF > GEF = cGSF. Immunological activities (related to nitric oxide production, phagocytosis, and IL-6 and TNF-α release) were, in order, GPF > GEF = cGSF. The neuroprotective ability (against reactive oxygen species) order was GEF > cGSP > GPF. Conclusion: We developed a novel ginpolin protocol to isolate 3 fractions in batches and determined that each fraction has distinct biological effects.