• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.6-13
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• 2006

Ultrasound visualization is a typical diagnosis method to examine organs, soft tissues and fetus data. It is difficult to visualize ultrasound data because the quality of the data might be degraded by artifact and speckle noise, and gathered with non-linear sampling. Rendering speed is too slow since we can not use additional data structures or procedures in rendering stage. In this paper, we use several visualization methods for fast rendering of ultrasound data. First method, denoted as adaptive ray sampling, is to reduce the number of samples by adjusting sampling interval in empty space. Secondly, we use early ray termination scheme with sufficiently wide sampling interval and low threshold value of opacity during color compositing. Lastly, we use bilinear interpolation instead of trilinear interpolation for sampling in transparent region. We conclude that our method reduces the rendering time without loss of image quality in comparison to the conventional methods.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2023

Two-Phase sampling, which was first introduced by Neyman (1938), has various applications in different forms. Variance estimation for two-phase sampling has been an important research topic because conventional variance estimators used in most softwares are not working. In this paper, we considered a variance estimation for two-phase sampling in which stratified two-stage cluster sampling designs are used in both phases. By defining a conditionally unbiased estimator of an approximate variance estimator, which is calculable when all elements in the first phase sample are observed, we propose an explicit form of variance estimator of the double expanded estimator for a two-phase sample. A small simulation study shows the proposed variance estimator has a negligible bias with small variance. The suggested variance estimator is also applicable to other linear estimators of the population total or mean if appropriate residuals are defined.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.539-557
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• 1998

This article is concerned with the problem of estimating the mean of a one-parameter exponential family through sequential sampling in three stages under quadratic error loss. This more general framework differs from those considered by Hall (1981) and others. The differences are : (i) the estimator and the final stage sample size are dependent; and (ii) second order approximation of a continuously differentiable function of the final stage sample size permits evaluation of the asymptotic regret through higher order moments. In particular, the asymptotic regret can be expressed as a function of both the skewness $\rho$ and the kurtosis $\beta$ of the underlying distribution. The conditions on $\rho$ and $\beta$ for which negative regret is expected are discussed. Further results concerning the stopping variable N are also presented. We also supplement our theoretical findings wish simulation results to provide a feel for the triple sampling procedure presented in this study.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2004

Horvitz-Thompson(H-T)추정량이 확률비례추정량에 비해 효율이 떨어지는 경우가 있다 이를 극복하기 위해서 2단계 변수변환을 한다. 1단계로는 Midzuno-Sen추출을 적용하기 위해서 보조변수를 변환하고, 이로부터 얻은 포함확률을 H-T추정량에 사용할 때 분산을 줄이기 위해서 2단계로 연구변수를 변환하였다. 이러한 변환을 통해 얻은 추정량과 기존의 PPS 추정량들을 비교하였다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.152-156
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• 2007

This paper proposes a method for real-time control of both capacitors and ULTC in a distribution system to reduce the total power loss and to improve the voltage profile over the course of a day. The multi-stage consists of the off-line stage to determine dispatch schedule based on a load forecast and the on-line stage generates the time and control sequences at each sampling time. It is then determined whether one of the control actions in the control sequence is performed at the present sampling time. The proposed method is presented for a typical radial distribution system with a single ULTC and capacitors.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2021

Digital decimation filters are used in various digital signal processing systems using ADCs, including digital communication systems and sensor network systems. When the sampling rate of digital data is reduced, aliasing occurs. So, an anti-aliasing filter is necessary to suppress aliasing before down-sampling the data. Since the anti-aliasing filter has to have a sharp transition band between the passband and the stopband, the order of the filter is very high. However, as the order of the filter increases, the complexity and area of the filter increase, and more power is consumed. Therefore, in this paper, we propose two types of decimation filters, focusing on reducing the area of the hardware. In both cases, the complexity of the circuit is reduced by applying the required down-sampling rate in two times instead of at once. In addition, CIC decimation filters without a multiplier are used as the decimation filter of the first stage. The second stage is implemented using a CIC filter and a down sampler with an anti-aliasing filter, respectively. It is designed with Verilog-HDL and its function and implementation are validated using ModelSim and Quartus, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2024

In this study, the most suitable sampling methods for the bimodal mass distribution characteristics and individual particle analysis of atmospheric aerosols were investigated. Samples collected in Quartz, Teflon, and Nuclepore filters were analyzed for individual particles using scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS). Then, the pore diameter of the filter and the collection flow rate were determined using the theoretical collection efficiency calculation formula for two-stage separation sample collection of coarse and fine particles. The Nuclepore filter was found to be the most suitable filter for identifying the physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols since it was able to separate the sample and count the different sized particles better than either Quartz or Teflon. Nuclepore filters with 8.0 ㎛ and 0.4 ㎛ pores were connected in series and exposed to a flow rate of 16.7 L/min for two-stage separation sampling. The results show that it is possible to separate and collect both coarse and fine particles. We expect that the proposed methodology will be used for future individual particle analysis of atmospheric aerosols and related research.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.37-47
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• 1980

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 조건부(條件附) 샘플링 검사방식(檢査方式)의 일종인 삼단계(三段階) 샘플링 검사방식(檢査方式)을 제시(提示)하고 있다. 제1단계(第一段階)에서는 당해(當該)롯트에서 얻어진 검사결과(檢査結果)에 의해서 판정(判定)을 하며, 제1단계(第一段階)에서 판정(判定)을 하지 못하면 제2단계(第二一階)로서, 당해(當該)롯트 및 직전(直前)의 롯트의 검사결과(檢査結果)로서 판정(判定)을 하게 된다. 제3단계(第三段階)에서도 판정(判定)을 하지 못하면 직후(直後)의 롯트의 검사결과(檢査結果)가 나올 때까지 판정(判定)을 보류(保留)한다. 검사방식(檢査方式)의 모수(母數)를 구하는데는 기존(旣存)의 $n_2=2n_1$인 2회(二回) 샘플링 검사계획표(檢査計劃表)를 이용(利用)할 수 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 제시(提示)한 3단계(三段階) 샘플링 검사방식(檢査方式)은 공정(工程)의 품질(品質)이 비교적 일정(一定)한 수집(水集)인 경우에 적용함으로써 시료(試料)의 크기를 크게 절감(節減)시킬 수 있는 방식이다. 공정품질(工程品質)의 변화(變化)에 대한 반응(反應)의 지연(遲延) 및 판정의 보류사상(保留事象)이 3단계(三段階) 샘플링 검사방식(檢査方式)의 문제점(問題點)으로 지적(指摘)될 수 있으나 이러한 문제들은 실제로 심각한 정도는 아니며 시료(試料)의 크기의 절감(節減)은 위와 같은 문제점들은 충분(充分)히 상살(相殺)할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.143-146
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• 2011

본 논문은 1.2Vpp differential 입력 범위를 가지는 50-MS/s 10-hit pipelined ADC를 소개한다. 설계된 pipelined ADC는 8단의 1.5bit/stage, 1단의 2bit/stage와 digital correction 블록, bias circuit 및 reference driver, 그리고 clock generator로 구성된다. 1.5bit/stage는 sub-ADC, DAC, gain stage로 구성된다. 특히, 설계된 pipelined ADC에서는 hardware와 power consumption을 줄이기 위해 SHA를 제거하였으며, 전체 ADC의 dynamic performance를 향상시키기 위해 linearity가 개선된 bootstrapped switch를 사용하였다. Sub-ADC를 위한 reference 전압은 외부에서 인가하지 않고 on-chip reference driver에서 발생시킨다. 제안된 pipelined ADC는 1.8V supply, $0.18{\mu}m$ 1-poly 5-metal CMOS 공정에서 설계되었으며, power decoupling capacitor를 포함하여 $0.95mm^2$의 칩 면적을 가진다. 또한, 60mW의 전력소모를 가진다. 또한, Nyquist sampling rate에서 9.3-bit의 ENOB를 나타내었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.274-281
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• 2010

The objectives of this study are (a) to investigate the distribution patterns and exposure concentrations of biological agents in sawmill industries and (b) to compare sampling methods of biological agents. The representative processes of 5 sawmills were selected to measure total airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin as well as dust. Airborne bacteria and fungi were measured with one stage impactor, six stage impactor and gelatin filteration methods. Endotoxin was collected with polycarbonate filters and analysed by kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method. Geometric mean levels of airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and dust were 1,864 CFU/$m^3$, 2,252 CFU/$m^3$, 31.5 EU/$m^3$ and 2.4 mg/$m^3$. The ratios of indoor/outdoor concentrations were 3.7 for bacteria, 4.1 for fungi, 3.3 for endotoxin and 9.7 for dust. The respiratory fractions of bacteria were 68.0, 50.9, 49.2 and 45.1% in band-saw, table-saw, rip-saw process and outdoor air. The respiratory fractions of fungi were 78.7, 90.8, 87.5 and 84.8% in band-saw, table-saw, rip-saw process and outdoor air, respectively. There was no significant differences in bacterial concentrations among single stage, six stage impaction and filteration methods. But, fungal concentrations measured with filtration methods were significantly higher than those with impaction methods. Geometric mean levels of airborne bacteria and fungi were higher than the OSHA guideline values of 1,000 CFU/$m^3$. The respiratory fractions of fungi were above 75%. The concentrations of biological agents were significantly different among culture-based sampling methods. In the exposure assessments of biological agents, further studies are needed for the comparisons of diverse sampling methods and the investigations of environmental factors.