• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the whitening effect of Salvia miltorrhiza Bunge water extract (SM-W) in human epidermal melanocyte (HEM). Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory effect of SM-W was approximately 42% at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. The HEM cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis inhibition activity were 26 and 25% at $5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Whitening related proteins and mRNAs including tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2, and microphthalmia associated transcription factor were reduced by SM-W treatment. In addition, the cAMP expression inhibitory effect of SM-W was decreased by 41% at $5{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. These results indicated that Salvia miltorrhiza Bunge could be used to the possible utilization of functional cosmetic ingredients by confirming whitening activity related with melanin content.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.400-406
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the growth and flowering of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sello ex Ruem & Schult.) seedlings before and after storage under fluorescent lamps and green LED radiation conditions with different light intensities during storage. The both seedlings were kept under a storage room controlled at $8^{\circ}C$ air temperature and $40{\pm}10%$ relative humidity conditions. Light intensities were maintained at 15 and $30{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ during storage. In lighting treatments, dry weight of African marigold at 28 days after storage was not significantly different, and decreased approximately 29% compared to pre-storage under dark treatment. There was no significant difference in the leaf area of salvia seedlings stored under dark condition compared to before storage, but the leaf area under green light radiation with higher light intensity (treatment GH) was two times greater than before storage. The survival rate after transplanting of African marigold stored under dark condition was 10%, and days to flowering increased compared to those stored under fluorescent and green light with higher light intensity (treatment FLH, GH). Comparing to before storage, growth and flowering of the both seedlings after storage were significantly promoted by the light exposure during storage. The present experimental results show that the light intensity should be decided to maintain minimum growth during lighting storage and storage quality of the seedlings such as flowering promotion and extended blooming period after lighting treatment during storage period from the above results.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.289-294
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• 2010

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza) is a traditional Korean medicine that is commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as edema, arthritis, and hepatitis. The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol (MeOH) extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots against oral bacteria using broth the microdilution method and the checkerboard and time-kill methods evaluated the synergistic effects of treatment with antibiotics. The MeOH extract was demonstrated as a higher antibacterial activity (MICs, 8 to $64\;{\mu}g/mL$; MBCs, 16 to $64\;{\mu}g/mL$) against all tested oral bacteria. Additionally, the extract was observed to have a synergistic effect with ampicillin or gentamicin. A time-kill study evaluating the effects of the extract indicated that the extract treatment in combination with ampicillin or gentamicin showed rapid bactericidal activity. The results suggest that MeOH extract of S. miltiorrhiza could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent against dental caries.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.382-389
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with lower electric cost and the specific wavelength have been considering as a novel light source for plant production in greenhouse conditions as well as in a closed culture system. Supplementary lighting for day-length extension was considered as light intensity, light quality, and/or photoperiod control on plant growth and development. Effects of supplementary blue or red LED radiation with lower light intensity on growth of Ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum Mill., cv. Blue Field), African marigold (Tagetes erecta L., cv. Orange Boy), and Salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sello ex Ruem & Schult., cv. Red Vista) were discussed during sunrise and sunset twilight in the experiment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Supplementary lighting by blue and red LEDs for 30 (Treatment B30; R30) or 60 (Treatment B60; R60) min. per day were established in greenhouse conditions. Photosynthetic photon flux for supplementary radiation was kept at $15{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ on the culture bed. Natural condition without supplementary light was considered as a control. The highest shoot and root dry weights were shown in African marigold exposed by red light for 60 min. per day. Supplementary blue and red lighting regardless of the radiation time significantly stimulated development of lateral branches in African marigold. Stem growth in Ageratum and Salvia seedlings was significantly promoted by red radiation as well as natural light. CONCLUSIONS: Extending of the radiation time at sunrise and sunset twilight using LEDs stimulated reproductive growth of flowering plant species. Different characteristics on growth under supplementary blue or red lighting conditions were also observed in the seedlings during supplementary radiation.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.290-297
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• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the cell cytotoxicity, astringency, nitrite oxide scavenging, iNOS protein expression level, pro-inflammatory cytokine, elastase inhibition, and type I pro-collagen synthesis as a functional cosmetics material of Salvia miltiorrhiza root. We prepared the 80% ethanol(SE) and hot-distilled water(SW), respectively. Both SE and SW showed no toxicity from 0.05 to 0.5 mg/mL concentration as a result of MTT assay in NHDF or RAW264.7 cells. In the measurement of astringent effect, SE reveled 74.6% of astringent activity in 10 mg/mL. SE showed that LPS-induced nitric oxide production, iNOS protein expression, and cytokines were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, two extracts significantly inhibited elastase activity and increased the type I pro-collagen production. Therefore, it is expected that Salvia miltiorrhiza extract is used as a natural material for functional cosmetics that can effectively prevent skin-related inflammation and wrinkles, and aging.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2008

Plug seedlings of vinca (Catharanthus roseus L. 'Pacifica Punch') and salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem & Schult 'Maestro') were transplanted into square plastic pots (145 mL volume) filled with a soilless growing medium. To determine the effect of application rate on the growing medium EC and growth of plants, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 g per pot of a controlled release fertilizer (14-14-14 Osmocote, 14N-6.2P-11.6K) were mixed with the growing medium. Plants were subirrigated daily with tap water. In both vinca and salvia, growing medium EC increased as application rate was elevated. Growing medium EC was relatively constant over a whole crop period when the application rate was less than 1.5 g per pot, while it decreased throughout the experiment at higher application rates such as 2.0 to 4.0g per pot in both species. The greatest leaf area, plant height, and shoot dry weight of vinca were obtained when plants were fertilized with 2.0 to 4.0 g per pot of the fertilizer, resulting in a growing medium EC of $1.0{\sim}1.7dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ throughout the experiment. Leaf area, shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content of salvia increased with elevated application rates. Leaf area, shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content of salvia were the greatest when plants were fertilized with 4.0 g per pot, resulting in growing medium EC of $1.0{\sim}4.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ throughout the experiment. Plant height of salvia was the greatest when plants were fertilized with 2.0 to 4.0g per pot. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) in the shoots of vinca increased, while concentration of calcium (Ca) decreased with elevated application rates. Concentrations of boron (B) and manganese (Mn) in the shoots of vinca increased as the application rate decreased.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.288-298
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• 2011

Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) has been used to treat inflammatory diseases including edema and arthritis; however, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of SM action remains unresolved. Methods: The effects of an ethanol extract of SM (ESM) on pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and NO, and on anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-10, TGF-${\beta}$, and IL-1Ra have been studied in an attempt to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism in murine macrophages. Results: ESM inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via down-regulation of gene and protein expression whereas it increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, ESM inhibited the expression of the chemokines, RANTES and CX3CL1, as well as of inflammatory mediators such as TLR-4 and $11{\beta}$-HSD1. Conclusion: These results indicated that the regulatory effects of ESM may be mediated though the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Consequently, we speculate that ESM has therapeutic potential for inflammation-associated disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1001-1007
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• 1994

In order to develop a natural food preservative, dried salviae miltiorrhizae radix (Salvia miltiorrhiza) was extracted with several solvents, and then antimicrobial activity was investigated. The optimum extracting condition for the antimicrobial sustance from the sample, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracted substance against microorganisms were also examined. Antimicrobial activity of the initial ethanol extract from the sample was the strongest compared to those of other solvent extracts such as n-hexane, acetone, butanol, methanol and water. the optimum extractingcondition for antimicrobial substance from the sample was shaking extraction for 2 hours at room temperature incase that 10 volumes of absolute ethanol was added to crushed Saliva Miltiorrhiza. The ethanol extract had strong growth inhibition activity against Gram-positive Bacteria (MIC, 3.13-50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) such as B. cereus, B, subtilis, L. minocytogenes, S. aureus, Sc. Mutans. Among Grampositive bacteria tested, Bacillus species was the most susceptibile to the extracted substance. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract from the sample was weak to Gram -negative bacteria yeasts, for example MIC for Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts was 0.8mg/ml and 0.4-0.8mg/ml , respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2010

The Salvia plebeia R. which is the biennial plant belonging to the Labiatae department, grows naturally in the Korea entire area. Presently, its extract (SPRE) is known to have an anti-inflammation and anti-allergy activity, but there are a few evidences about it. SPRE inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine such as TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 as well as nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated- macrophages. The co-administration of SPRE during OVA sensitization significantly reduced total IgE levels in mice. The mice who received SPRE co-administered with OVA showed a significant increase in serum OVA-specific IgG2a/b levels. Spleen-cell cultures harvested from OVA-sensitized mice showed a significant decrease in Th2 cytokine levels with a concomitant increase in Th1 cytokine levels only when SPRE co-administered with OVA. These results demonstrate that SPRE can control the LPS-induced inflammatory reaction and prevent antigen-induced Th2 immune responses in mice.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.32 no.4 s.127
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• pp.297-301
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• 2001

We studied the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extract of Salvia plebeia (SPAE) on immediate hypersensitivity reactions. SPAE inhibited immediate hypersensitivity reaction induced by compound 48/80 in mice. When SPAE was employed in an immediate hypersensitivity reaction test, the plasma histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. SPAE also inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80. The level of cAMP in RPMC, when SPAE was added, significantly increased compared with that of a normal control. These results indicate that SPAE may be beneficial in the treatment of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.