• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.620-628
• /
• 2019

To investigate Oiji (traditional Korean cucumber pickles) with reduced sodium content based on the use of saline foods as a salt substitute, Oiji was prepared using glasswort powder (Salicornia herbacea L.), and its physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation were examined. The moisture content of Oiji was shown to be higher in those to which glasswort powder had been added compared to the control without addition of glasswort powder, and Oiji with 40% glasswort powder substitute showed the highest pH and lowest acidity, resulting in slow progression of fermentation. The salinity of Oiji among those containing glasswort powder substitute was significantly higher with increasing level of glasswort powder. The sodium content of Oiji was significantly reduced as addition of glasswort powder increased. The L value of Oiji decreased with increased addition of glasswort powder, whereas the a value was highest in the control. The hardness of Oiji was higher in the control than in Oiji containing glasswort powder. Taste acceptance was highest for Oiji with 20% glasswort powder substitute, whereas acceptance of appearance was higher for Oiji with 10% glasswort powder substitute. Flavor and texture acceptance was higher for the control. In the attribute difference test, significant differences were found in brownness, off-flavor, salty taste, and sourness. Based on the findings, 10-20% substitution of salt with glasswort powder did not significantly lower overall acceptance compared to the control while salinity of Oiji was maintained. Therefore, the potential production of low-sodium Oiji has been verified.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.316-324
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary behavior and nutritional knowledge related to sodium intake in high school students. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 400 high school students (200 boys) in Incheon, Korea. Survey data were analyzed according to gender and degree of obesity. The distribution of the degree of obesity was the highest in 231 normal weight individuals (57.8%), followed by 89 underweight (22.3%), 41 overweight (10.3%), and 39 obese (9.8%). The sodium-related undesirable dietary behavior score was 2.9 points out of 5 points. The detailed dietary behavior scores of 'I eat kimchi when I eat instant noodles or noodles' and 'I like dried fish with salt' were significantly higher in boys than in girls (p<0.05). It was found that boys consumed more frequently high sodium foods, such as pizza, hamburger, and hotdog than girls. According to the degree of obesity, the underweight group consumed more kimchi fried rice and potato chips frequently than the other groups (p<0.05). Preference for salty taste was not significantly different among the groups by gender and degree of obesity. Sodium-related nutritional knowledge score was 5.3 points out of 10 and which was significantly higher in girls or normal weight group than in boys or obesity group. These results suggest that nutritional education on sodium intake is needed because the nutritional knowledge of adolescents is relatively low. Moreover, intensive nutritional guidance is required, especially in boys or adolescents with undesirable degree of obesity.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.132-145
• /
• 2022

Objectives: This study examined trends in the health status and dietary behavior changes by region using the raw data from the 2008 ~ 2019 Community Health Survey. Methods: This study analyzed the data of 2,738,572 people among the raw data of the Community Health Survey from 2008 to 2019. The regional differences in health status and dietary behavior were examined by classifying the regions into capital and non-capital regions, and the non-capital regions were classified into metropolitan cities and provinces. A chi-square test was conducted on the body mass index (BMI), diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension, frequency of eating breakfast, salty taste in usual diet, recognition of nutrition labeling, reading of nutrition labeling, and utilization of nutrition labeling. Results: In determining obesity using the BMI, the normal weight by year decreased, and the obesity rate by year was 34.6% in 2019, which increased by 13% compared to 2008. In addition, the diabetes diagnosis rate and hypertension diagnosis rate continued to increase with the year. Both diabetes and hypertension diagnosis rates were higher in the non-capital regions than in the capital region. Eating breakfast five to seven times per week was most common and showed a significant decreasing trend by year (P < 0.001). The percentage of respondents who said they eat slightly bland foods increased from 19.5% in 2008 to 19.9% in 2010 and then to 22.1% in 2013. The percentage then decreased to 19.9% in 2019, but showed an overall increasing trend (P < 0.001). According to the region, the capital region had a higher percentage than the non-capital region. The nutrition labeling's recognition rate and utilization rate increased yearly, whereas the reading rate decreased. Conclusions: The study results presented the primary data necessary to develop nutrition education programs and establish strategies for local nutrition management projects to improve disease prevention and dietary problems.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제57권1호
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2024

Purpose: Sodium is essentially required for homeostasis and physiological functions, but excessive sodium consumption increases the risk of obesity and other chronic disorders. Korean studies on the sodium-obesity relationship are limited, and thus, this study was undertaken to determine the nature of the relationship between sodium intake and obesity in Korean adults. Methods: Forty-two participants were divided into 2 groups according to body mass index (BMI, non-obese BMI < 25 kg/m², obese BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²). Dietary intakes and eating habits were analyzed using 3-day food records and a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric data were obtained from bioimpedance results, and fasting glucose and lipid levels were measured. Results: Mean weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and body fat mass were greater in the obese group than in the non-obese group for men and women. Skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass were higher in obese women than in non-obese women. Biochemical data were no different in these two subgroups except triglycerides (TGs), which were higher in obese women. Nutrient intakes were not significantly different in obese and non-obese groups. However, obese men consumed excessive sodium, while obese women consumed slightly more than non-obese women. Obese men preferred salty foods and tended to overeat. Positive correlations were found between sodium intake and weight in men and percent body fat mass (PBFM) in women. Correlation analysis (adjusted for energy intake) of the relation between sodium intake and obesity-related factors showed sodium intake was positively correlated with PBFM and TG in women. Conclusion: This anthropometric and biochemical data analysis emphasizes the need for awareness and interventions to mitigate the health risks of elevated sodium consumption. Our findings should aid future studies on the relationship between sodium and obesity and contribute to preventing and managing this metabolic condition.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제43권7호
• /
• pp.1122-1131
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 대학생들의 소금섭취 관련 식행동 및 평소 음식 간 선호도를 조사하고 그에 따른 대학 급식소 음식에 대한 간 평가 특성을 분석함으로써 차후 대학 급식소의 나트륨 저감화를 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였으며, 결과는 다음과 같다. 짠맛에 대한 주관적 선호도는 보통으로 응답한 대상자가 48.8%로 가장 많았고 짜게 먹는 편이라고 응답한 대상자는 29.5%이었다. 대학 급식소에서 제공되는 음식의 간에 대해 보통이라고 응답한 비율이 50.8%로 가장 많았으며 짜다고 응답한 비율은 42.5%인데 비해 싱겁다고 응답한 비율은 6.8%에 불과하였다. 짠맛에 대한 주관적 선호도의 전체 평균점수는 3.04/5.00점이었으며 남학생(3.09)과 여학생(2.99) 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 대학생에서 21세 이하(3.16)군과 22~23세(3.00)군이 24세 이상(2.93)군보다 짠맛에 대한 주관적 선호도 점수가 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높아 연령이 낮을수록 '짠맛'을 선호하는 것으로 조사되었다. 급식소 음식 간 평가에 따른 차이에서 급식소의 음식에 대해 '짜다'고 느끼는 군(2.84)이 '싱겁다'(3.18)와 '보통이다'(3.18)고 느끼는 군들에 비해 짠맛 선호도 점수가 유의적(P<0.001)으로 낮았다. 소금섭취 관련 식행동 총 점수는 남녀 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한 달 용돈이 30만원 이상군이 30만원 미만군보다 소금섭취 관련 식행동 총 점수가 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높았다. 짠맛 선호도에 따른 차이에서 싱거운 맛을 선호하는 군이 '보통 맛'과 '짠맛'을 선호하는 군에 비해 소금섭취 관련 식행동 총 점수가 유의적(P<0.001)으로 낮았다. 급식소 이용 빈도별 차이에서 급식소를 주 5회 이상 이용하는 군이 다른 군들에 비해 소금섭취 관련 식행동 총 점수가 유의적(P<0.001)으로 낮았다. 급식소 음식 간 평가별 차이에서 급식소의 음식에 대해 '짜다'고 느끼는 군이 '싱겁다'와 '보통이다'고 느끼는 군들에 비해 소금섭취 관련 식행동 총 점수가 유의적(P<0.001)으로 낮았다. 소금섭취 관련 식행동에 대한 15가지 항목의 전체평균 점수는 2.87/5.00점이며, 3.00점 이상의 높은 평가 점수를 나타낸 항목은 '외식을 하거나 배달을 자주 시켜 먹는다', '김치류를 많이 먹는 편이다', '된장국, 찌개, 전골, 탕 등의 메뉴를 자주 먹는다', '라면을 자주 먹는다' 순으로 나타났다. 성별에 따른 차이에서 '햄, 소시지, 스팸 등 가공식품을 자주 먹는다'(P<0.05), '음식이나 국이 싱거우면 소금이나 간장을 더 넣는다'(P<0.01), '국이나 국수류의 국물을 다 먹는 편이다'(P<0.01), '된장국, 찌개, 전골, 탕 등의 메뉴를 자주 먹는다'(P<0.01)의 4개 항목은 남학생이 여학생보다 유의적으로 높은 점수를 보였으며, '외식을 하거나 배달을 자주 시켜 먹는다' 1개 항목은 여학생이 남학생보다 유의적(P<0.01)으로 점수가 높았다. 체질량지수에 따른 차이에서 '국이나 국수류의 국물을 다 먹는 편이다'와 '된장국, 찌개, 전골, 탕 등의 메뉴를 자주 먹는다'의 2개 항목에서 과체중 이상군이 저체중군과 정상체중군보다 유의적(P<0.01)으로 점수가 높았다. 짠맛에 대한 주관적 선호도에 따른 소금섭취 식행동 평가 점수는 '술안주로 맵고 짠 음식을 좋아한다'는 항목에서는 '싱거운 맛'과 '보통 맛'을 선호하는 군이 '짠맛'을 선호하는 군에 비해 유의적(P<0.001)으로 낮은 점수를 나타냈으며, 나머지 모든 항목에서는 '싱거운 맛'을 선호하는 군이 다른 두 군에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 점수를 나타냈다. 대학교 급식소 이용 빈도에 따른 차이에서 '햄, 소시지, 스팸 등 가공식품을 자주 먹는다'(P<0.05), '외식을 하거나 배달을 자주 시켜 먹는다'(P<0.001), '튀김이나 전, 생선회 등을 간장, 고추장에 듬뿍 찍어 먹는다'(P<0.05), '식사 시 마요네즈나 드레싱(소스)을 곧잘 사용한다'(P<0.05)의 4개 항목에서 급식소 이용 빈도가 주 5회 이상인 학생들이 그보다 이용 빈도가 낮은 학생들에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 점수를 보였다. 급식소 음식 간 평가에 따른 차이에서 '햄, 소시지, 스팸 등 가공식품을 자주 먹는다'와 '음식이나 국이 싱거우면 소금이나 간장을 더 넣는다' 항목에서는 급식소에서 제공되는 음식의 간에 대해 '매우 짜다'고 평가한 학생들이 '매우 싱겁다'와 '보통이다'고 평가한 학생들에 비해 유의적(P<0.001)으로 낮은 점수를 보였다.

• 한국조리학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.56-72
• /
• 2009

이 연구의 목적은 성남 지역 초등학생의 김치 섭취 실태 및 학교급식에서 제공되는 김치에 대한 요구도를 조사하였다. 70.6%의 초등학생은 학교급식보다는 집에서 김치를 더 많이 먹는다고 하였으며, 그 이유는 집에서 먹는 김치가 더 맛이 있기 때문(79.1%)이라고 응답하였다. 학교급식에서 배식되는 김치 종류 중 배추김치, 깍두기, 열무김치 순으로 선호하였으며, 선호하는 김치의 형태는 저학년 학생은 '작은 크기로 한입에 먹기 좋게', '약간 달콤하게', '크기와 모양을 일정하게', 고학년 학생은 '작은 크기로 한입에 먹기 좋게', '차갑고 시원하게', '약간 달콤하게' 순이었다. 초등학생의 기호에 맞는 학교급식용 김치를 제조하기 위하여 기존의 부재료 이외에 첨가되기를 원하는 부재료는 과일류를 가장 선호하였고 어패류의 첨가에 대해서도 비교적 좋아하였다. 또한 김치볶음밥, 김치만두, 김치찌개, 김치주먹밥, 김치김밥, 김치볶음, 김치비빔밥, 김치햄버거, 김치돈가스 등의 김치 이용 음식을 학교급식에서 선호하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 1977

Nutrition counselors in Korea often encounter difficulty in their attempt to change village women's attitudes regarding food taboos which are counter to good eating habits. There are a great many food superstitions which are not due to religious influence, but seem to be related to shape and composition of food. Many expectant mothers superstitiously avoid eating certain foods for fear that they may cause mental or physical abnormality in their babies. As was shown in a previous survey (Mo, 1966)of villages in all provinces except Jeju Island, such superstitions were common among pregnant and lactating mothers. Many food taboos and superstitions based on non-scientific and irrational ideas do exist even in modern society, and are a major obstacle to nutritionally adequate food consumption. A study of food taboos among women of Jeju Island was undertaken from November to December of 1976, these results to be compared as well with those of the previous study. There were 73 items found to be prohibited during pregnancy. Of these, 48.7% were of the deaf group, 17.4% fish, 5.5% eggs, 4.7% cereal, and only 2.2% fruit. Of 252% women respondents, 111 (45% ) abstained from eating chicken, duck, and shark because of the belief that they would cause their babies to be born with gooseflesh or shark skin. Many of them avoided rabbit meat for fear that their babies might be born with harelip. It was also feared that a baby would become disfigured if his mother ate duck, goat, dog meat, chicken or duck eggs, or soup made of bones. A common superstition was that highly spiced or salty foods would cause the fetus to be hairless. Squid and octopus were believed to cause babies to have weak bones, or none at all. Most of these food taboos were associated with fears concerning Physical structure and appearance of unborn babies. Other taboos were associated with fear of undesirable behavioral characteristics. For example, some mothers thought that a baby would pinch or bite the mother's breast during the weaning period, if crab meat were eaten during pregnancy. Unevenly sliced rice cake, loach, snake meat and eel were also believed to cause a baby to be ill-tempered. The findings of this study are remarkably similar to those of the previous study conducted by the authour in 1966. Most of the same food taboos, based on non-scientific and irrational reasons, were found on Jeju Island as on the peninsula, and thor were similarly wide-spread. The results of correlational analysis show that the most significant factors related to prevalence of food taboos, are level of education and religious background. Number of food taboos is correlated with level of education. Also, food taboos are least freqent among the Christian woman. Proper nutrition education should he undertaken in order to encourage intake of protein-rich food, particularly during pregnancy when nutritional needs of mother and fetus are great.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제45권6호
• /
• pp.531-540
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the status of food and nutrient intakes depending on the types of chronic disease of the elderly at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 299 elderly over the age of 60 (82 men and 217 women); they were grouped by the disease status: normal, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and arthritis patients groups. The dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall and analyzed by CAN-Pro 4.0; they were then compared with the dietary reference intakes for the Korean (KDRIs). In the results of anthropometric data according to chronic disease, the waist circumference of the normal group in males and females was lower than the other groups; in particular, the normal female group showed a lower level of waist-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI) and body fat % than those of the other groups. The arthritis group showed a higher intake of milk products than the other groups (p < 0.05); consequently, calcium intake was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Vitamin A intake in the arthritis group was significantly higher than the intake in the normal and DM groups (p < 0.01). Normal and arthritis groups showed significantly higher intake of zinc and copper than the CVD group (p < 0.01). In general, about 80% of the subjects in this study revealed insufficient intakes of riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, dietary fiber, vitamin D, biotin and potassium, compared with the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). However, sodium intake of all groups was higher than the AI of KDRIs. In conclusion, nutrient intake, according to the chronic disease, showed significant difference in some of the micronutrients, vitamin A, Ca, Zn and Cu. Therefore, we suggest that dietary guidelines, such as reducing the intake of salty foods and sweet drinks and increasing the intake of foods with sufficient calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C, are necessary to the improvement of eating habits for the elderly.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.324-330
• /
• 1994

소금만으로 짠맛을 낸 김치를 대조군으로 하고 염도가 동일하도록 소금과 새우젓 또는 멸치액젓을 각각 두 수준으로 첨가하여 배추 김치를 제조하여 $20^{\circ}C$에서 발효하는 동안 일어나는 변화를 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 발효기간이 길어짐에 따라 모든 김치군의 pH는 감소하고 총산함량은 증가하다가 후기에는 그 정도가 완화되었다. 특히 발효 초기에 새우젓군의 pH 감소가 현저하였다. 환원당 함량은 전 발효기간을 통해 대조군이 가장 높았으며, 고젓가군, 저젓갈군의 순서로 감소되었고, 발효기간이 길어짐에 따라 모든 김치군에서 현저한 감소를 보였다. 발효기간이 연장됨에 따라 malic acid와 succinic acid는 서서히 감소하였으며, lactic acid와 acetic acid는 증가하였다. 전 발효기간을 통하여 lactic acid는 젓갈군이 대조군보다, 고젓갈군이 저젓갈군보다 그리고 새우젓군이 멸치젓군보다 측정치가 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 총균수와 Leuconostoc속 미생물 수는 발효가 계속될수록 증가하다가 4일 이후에는 감소하였으며, Lactobacillus plantarum의 수는 계속적으로 증가하였다. 관능적 특성 중 탄산미, 짠맛, 신맛, 군덕내는 발효기간이 길어짐에 따라 모든 김치군이 점점 더 강하고 경도와 아삭아삭한 정도는 점점 더 약하게 평가되었으며, 젓갈군의 신맛이 대조군에 비해 전반적으로 약간 강한 경향이 있었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.277-289
• /
• 2019

Objectives: This study examined the practices of a community meal program for older adults in rural areas during the agricultural off-season. Methods: A survey was conducted from December 12 to December 22, 2016. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 150 cooking volunteers, who had participated in the community meal program in 50 villages. A total of 114 responses were returned from 44 villages and used for data analysis. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with the volunteers of eight villages. Results: Most of the cooking volunteers were 50 years old or older and they participated in serving older adults meals for good will. The cooking volunteers perceived that the older adults in their community did not eat various foods, had difficulties in grocery shopping, and frequently consumed salty foods. During the agricultural off-season, 40.9% of villages served the older adults meals 6-7 days a week and 95.5% provided meals for lunch. An average of 21 to 40 older adults were served meals in each village. The cooking volunteers reported that the food preparation and meal service times were sufficient, recipes provided were useful, and menus met the preference of the older adults. At the end of the program, they felt proud of serving meals for older adults in the community. An increased awareness of healthy eating, interest in health, and consumption of nutritious meals, a decrease in loneliness among older adults, and the promotion of fellowship in the community were rated highly. The cooking volunteers expected additional support for cooking personnel and insisted that the program should be provided for the entire agricultural off-seasons. Conclusions: The community meal program during the agricultural off-season for the elderly in rural areas was effective in improving the dietary life of older adults, relieving their feelings of isolation, and promoting fellowship of the community. The volunteers felt workload due to a shortage of volunteers but answered that they were rewarded by helping older adults in their community.