• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2010

The transport of selected salts of sulphuric acid (cobalt, copper, iron(II), manganese, nickel and zinc sulphate) through an anion-exchange membrane Neosepta-AFN was investigated in a counter-current continuous dialyzer at various salt concentrations and volumetric liquid flow rates. The basic transport characteristics - the rejection coefficient of salt and the permeability of the membrane - were calculated from measurements at steady state. The salt concentration in model mixtures was changed in the limits from 0.1 to 1.0 kmol $m^{-3}$ and the volumetric liquid flow rate of the inlet streams was in the limits from $8{\times}10^{-9}$ to $24{\times}10^{-9}m^3\;s^{-1}$. Under the experimental conditions given, the rejection coefficient of salts tested was in the range from 65% to 94%. The lowest values were obtained for iron(II) sulphate, while the highest for copper sulphate. The maximum rejection of salt was reached at the highest volumetric liquid flow rate and the highest salt concentration in the feed. The permeability ($P_A$) of the Neosepta-AFN membrane for the individual salts was in the range from $0.49{\times}10^{-7}m\;s^{-1}$ to $1.8{\times}10^{-7}m\;s^{-1}$ and it can be described by the following series: $P_{FeSO_4}$ < $P_{NiSO_4}$ < $P_{ZnSO_4}$ < $P_{CoSO_4}$ < $P_{MnSO_4}$ < $P_{CuSO_4}$. The permeability of the membrane was strongly affected by the salt concentration in the feed - it decreased with an increasing salt concentration.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1994

In order to investigate the feasibility of transmucosal delivery of the model peptide, LHRH, metabolism of LHRH and inhibition effect of medium chain fatty acid salts were studied in rabbit mucosal homogenate. LHRH incubated in homogenates of rectal(RE), nasal(NA) and vaginal(VA) mucosa were assayed by HPLC. Five to six degradation products of LHRH were deterted and the degradation of LHRH$(500\;{\mu}g/ml)$ followed the first order kinetics. The main degradation products were found as $LHRH^{1-5}(M-I)$, $LHRH^{1-3}(M-II)$ and $LHRH^{1-6}(M-III)$ by the method of amino acid analysis. The half-lives of LHRH in the mucosal homogenates were found to be less than 20 min at protein concentration of 2.5 mg/ml with the order of VA>NA>RE mucosal homogenate. Medium chain fatty acid salts such as sodium caprylate $(C_8)$, sodium caprate $(C_{10})$ and sodium laurate $(C_{12})$ at the concentration of $0.5%{\sim}1.0%$ inhibit the proteolysis of LHRH significantly. The addition of sodium laurate(0.5%) into the NA and VA mucosal homogenates protected LHRH completely from the degradation.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 1997

This study was carried out to find out the relationship between qualities and contraction phenomenon of silk fibers by treatment of concentrated neutral salts. The contraction effects of silk fibers showed the critical point on the treatment conditions of concentration, temperature and time, among three kinds of neutral salts such as calcium nitrate, calcium chloride and lithium bromide. But, The silk fibers, pretreated with bromide and/or formaldehyde, did not show the contraction upon treating with calcium nitrate. This indicates that tyrosine and serine can be correlated with the contraction reaction because of coupling these amino acids with bromide and formaldehyde. In conclusion, a mechanism for the contraction of silk fiber with highly concentrated calcium nitrate solution is supposed as follows. At the initial stage of ration, the water was penetrated into the amorphous regions and fibers swollen, therefore, the contraction took place mainly in amorphous regions, which have plenty of functional groups with hydroxyl residues. Then, as the calcium nitrate is penetrated into the microfibril, the gydrogen bonds of tyrosine and serine residues and broken and crystalline regions are more and more influenced by increasing concentration of calcium nitrate solution. Microgibrils of crystalline regions become entangled, contracted to linear direction and rearranged to form new stable hydrogen bonds.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 1999

To investigate the effect of salts on the production of erythritol by Torula sp., cells were grown on the media containing various concentrations of KCl or NaCl. Cell growth and glucose consumption rates decreased when KCl or NaCl concentration increased from 0.0 to 0.5M. The production of erythritol, however, was maximal at 0.3M aCl. The erythritol concentration of 54.3g/l in the medium containing 0.3M NaCl and 200g/l glucose was obtained after 120h. The production of erythritol decreased in cultures above 0.3M NaCl or 0.4M KCl due to the inhibition of cell growth. To elucidate the effect of salts more quantitatively, KCl and NaCl concentrations were converted to osmotic pressure. As the osmotic pressure increased, the yield of erythritol from glucose increased regardless of the kinds of salts and the yield of erythritol was approximately 49% at the osmolality of 2.4Os/kg. When the osmotic pressure increased to 2.5Os/kg, the specific growth rate of cells decreased but the production rate of erythritol increased. For the effective production of erythritol, osmotic pressure must be adjusted not to inhibit markedly the growth rate of cells and to stimulate the production rate of erythritol by supplementing salt.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.806-813
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various kinds of commercial salts including Chunil, Hanju, Guwoon and Bamboo salts on the growth of microorganisms involved in kimchi fermentation. Among various microorganisms related to the kimchi fermentation, the growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pichia membranaefaciens and E. coli was examined. Based on the conditions of kimchi fermentation, 3% and 5% concentration of each salt were studied. Also, the temperatures at 1$0^{\circ}C$, 18$^{\circ}C$ and 37$^{\circ}C$ of the cultural condition were examined. The growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides was inhibited depending on the reduction of cultural temperature and increase of concentration of salts. There was no considerable difference on the growth of Leu. mesenteroides in the different the kind of salts. However, the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum was strongly inhibited by the 5% concentration of Bamboo salt during incubation at 18$^{\circ}C$. When Lactobacillus plantarum was cultured at 1$0^{\circ}C$, its growth was remarkably decreased regardless of the kind and concentration of salts. In the case of Pichia membranaefaciens, Bamboo salt strongly inhibited its growth at all cultural temperatures. Apparent inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli was observed by the Bamboo salt treatment during the incubation at 18$^{\circ}C$. At the cultural temperature of 1$0^{\circ}C$, similar results obtained.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2011

The influence of sodium salts and chlorides at various concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00%) on the reheating behavior of retrograded rice starch and cooked rice was investigated. The degree of gelatinization of the all retrograded rice starch gels and the cooked rice containing sodium salts and chlorides increased after reheating compared to the starches without salt. Gelatinization also showed an increasing trend as the concentration of sodium salts and chlorides increased. The increase of gelatinization after reheating the samples containing sodium salts and chlorides was greater than 38.0%. The reheated retrograded rice starch and cooked rice containing $Na_3PO_4$ showed the lowest set back value and retrogradation rate constant. Among all the samples, the cooked sample containing $Na_3PO_4$ showed the highest increment of gelatinization after reheating. Also, this same sample showed the lowest retrogradation degree.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.1
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• pp.81-107
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• 1992

In order to estimate the effects of Eucommiae Cortex, which is one of the most important herb medicines used for invigorating the liver and kidney and strengthening ones and muscles, fetus-soothing etc., this experiment was conducted the quantitative analysis of geniposidic acid and geniposide by HPLC, and the analgesic effects of mice, the lipid metabolism of rats, the catecholamine concentration in the brain and the plsma of rats stressed by immobilization. The results obtained are as follows. 1. The contents of geniposidic acid and geniposide were 22.3mg/g, 5.4mg/g in Eucommiae Cortex without processing, and 119.8mg, 10.4mg/g in Eucommiae Cortex fried with salts. 2. In analgesic effects of mice, there were all significant in Eucommiae Cortex without processing and Eucommiae Cortex fried with salts. 3. In the effects of lipid metabolism of rats, there were not significant on the change of organ weight and the level of serum total lipid and total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, HDL-cholesterol. But, there were significant on the level of free fatty acid. 4. In tile effects of the catecholamine concentration in the brain and the plsma of rats stressed by immobilization, there were all significant in Eucommiae Cortex without processing and Eucommiae Cortex fried with salts, especially in case of norepinephrine. From the results mentioned above, there were significant on the analgesic effects of mice, and the catecholamine concentration in the brain and the plsma of rats stressed by immobilization. And there were different from Eucommiae Cortex without processing and Eucommiae Cortex fried with salts in the contents of geniposidic acid and geniposide. These results are relative to invigorating the liver and kidney and strengthening ones and muscles, and fetus-soothing, therefore when we use Eucommiae Cortex, it is more desirable to use Eucommiae Cortex with processing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.15-25
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• 2019

Contamination of soil by deicing salt is among the important environment problems due to their toxicity and negative impact to human health and the environment. One of the effective methods for cleaning the soil from deicing salts is desalination using soil amendment-phytoremediation continuum treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine how much of the pH, EC control and Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ taken up soil amendments and Miscanthus sinensis, and to evaluate the effect of salt reduction and growth improvement as affected by soil amendment in high concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) deicing salts. Results indicated that the addition of soil amendments was decrease the EC and pH, also significantly reduce the leaching of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, a chloride ions related deicing salts, compared to the control for CaCl₂ 10 g/L treatment. It also resulted in an enhanced plant growth and higher plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight in Hydroball treatment + Miscanthus sinensis planting continuum treatment compared to the treatment that planted Miscanthus sinensis only. Therefore, we concluded that soil amendments might be attributed to an accumulation of deicing slats in the roadside soil, resulting in the improvement of Miscanthus sinensis growth.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.386-392
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• 1995

The high viscous ${\gamma}$-polyglutamic acid(${\gamma}$-PGA) from alkalophilic Alcaligenes sp. was purified and its solution property was investigated. The intrinsic viscosities for Na+ form and H+ form of ${\gamma}$-PGA were 31.1 and 0.38d$\ell$/g, respectively. The viscosity of H+-PGA was not influenced by pH or salts while that of Na+-PGA was influenced. The intrinsic viscosity of Na+-PGA solution decreased remarkably at the alkaline or acidic pH and showed the sharp decrease when salts were added. ${\gamma}$-PGA exhibited the property of the polyelectrolyte showing the .sharp decrease of intrinsic viscosity by the addition of NaCl, and intrinsic viscosity of dilute solution with the low concentration of NaCl was exponentially dependent on temperature and its temperature dependency increased with increasing NaCl concentration. The chain stiffness, coil overlap parameter and critical concentration of Na+-PGA were 0.08, 5.25 and 0.07g/d$\ell$, respectively.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 1991

The liquid-liquid extraction of lipase A from Candide cylindracea and lipase B from porcine pancrease was carried out using reversed micellar organic solvents. Effects of various factors such as ionic strength, pH, and species and concentration of surfactant, on lipase solubilization were studied. A cationic surfactant cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in isooctane/nhexanol(1:1) was found to be an effective solvent and its optimum concentration was 50 mM. KCl among various salts tested was the most effective and the efficiency of solubilization of lipase increased with decreasing the ionic strength of salts. The maximum activity and solubiliz ation of protein were obtained at pH 8. The stripping efficiency has a maximum value at pH 4 and increases with KCl concentration in the range of 0.2∼1.0 M. After the solubilization and stripping, the overall recovery efficiency of mass and specific activity of lipases was 62% and 66%, respectively.