• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.724-736
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• 2012

This study was intended to investigate the sodium-related perception, dietary behavior, and practicability of methods for reducing sodium intake(RSI) according to the stage of change in consumers. The survey was conducted to 770 housewives, among them 553 subjects who answered the key questions for the stage of change were categorized into 'Maintenance (M)' stage (maintaining reduced salt intake for more than 6 months; n = 287, 51.90%), 'Action (A)' stage (maintaining reduced salt intake for less than 6 months; n=139, 25.14%), and 'Pre-Action (P)' stage (not starting reduced salt intake; n = 127, 22.97%). The subjects in M and A were significantly older than those in P (p < 0.01). The scores of desirable dietary habit and dietary balance were the highest in M followed by A and P. When eating out, the subjects in P considered 'price' more and 'healthiness of food' less than those in M and A did. Among the guidelines for RSI, 'Avoid Processed Foods', 'Eat enough vegetables and fruits' and 'Add little amount of dipping sauce for fried food' were selected as the three easiest items to perform. With regard to the sodium-related perception, the subjects in M considered eating-out food to be more salty than homemade dishes, read nutrition labels more, avoided table salt or dipping sauce for fried food more, and had 'own low-sodium recipe' than those in P (p < 0.001). It is suggested that practicability of actions for RSI and the stage of change should be considered to develop effective personalized education program and nutrition guidance.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

This study was performed to understand recognition and behaviors related to sodium intake of Korean adults. The data were collected from subjects including 267 male and 285 female adults in nationwide and compared by gender and by age. We found that the male group showed significantly higher smoking, alcohol drinking, and exercise does the female group. The older group (40 to 59 years) revealed significantly higher exercise and lower alcohol drinking; however general disease and hypertension prevalence, diet therapy practice, and meditation for hypertension were higher. Recognizing sodium levels of foods containing high-sodium, and sodium-nutriture labels when purchasing foods, and knowing differences between salt and sodium of the male group or recognizing sodium levels of foods containing high-sodium of the older group was worse than the other. Among the 32 food behaviors, only 12 were identified as significantly correlated to sodium intake levels including behaviors of preferring Chinese and Japanese foods to Western foods, preferring kimchi to raw vegetables, completely consuming soup, stew, noodle liquid, liking of dried fish and salted mackerel, frequent eat-outs or delivered foods, and so forth. There were significant differences between gender or age groups in terms of sodium intake-increasing behaviors; the male group showed higher behaviors of preferring salty taste and eating all broths. And the older group revealed higher behavior of adding table salt as well as the previous two, however, the younger group showed more behaviors of eat-outs or delivered foods and not the liquid of kimchi.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.229-244
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• 2005

Objectives: An investigative effort was made to provide basic data upon which effective public health education can be constructed for schools. Methods: The research was made by delivering self-administered questionnaires to 536 men and women with unknown names from a national university during 1-month period on September of 2004. The questionnaire items included preventive attitudes, interests, anxiety, health behavior, consciousness, etc. centering upon life-style related diseases. Results and Conclusions: The preventive attitudes against life-style related diseases was of a higher level in female than male students, The smaller number of students had knowledge of the definition of life-style related diseases, willingness to learn, and gathered information on them. The number of students who had anxiety about them was also small and as low as 54.3% of students were willing to undertake periodic health examination. A great variation ranging from 4.7% to 81.7% was shown in the accuracy rate of answers on the questions asking about three leading causes of death, overconsumption of dietary salt, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and colon cancer. With regard to health behaviors, a smaller number of students were involved in health behaviors. On the other hand, $25.7{\sim}35.1%$ of students had everyday exercises and breakfasts, 65.5% had no tobacco use. The study results showed that the survey subjects had deficient knowledge as well as a low level of preventive attitudes and interests against life-style related diseases. Moreover, their health behavior and health consciousness were undesirable apart from their low rates of taking periodic health examinations. Accordingly, the college students should be encouraged to take health education and to make more effective the existing health education in the university.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.409-418
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• 2020

Objectives: This study conducted an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of trends in healthy lifestyle behaviors in Japan. Methods: We used National Health and Nutrition Survey data on salt intake and prevalence of smoking, drinking, and physical activity between 1995 and 2018 in Japan. Age groups were defined from 20 years to 69 years old in 10-year increments. Cohorts were defined for each age group of each year with a 1-year shift, and cohorts born in 1926-1935 (first cohort) until 1989-1998 (last cohort) were examined. We conducted a Bayesian APC analysis, calculating estimated values for each behavior by age group, period, and cohort. Results: Estimated salt intake decreased from cohorts born in the 1930s to the 1960s, but increased thereafter in both genders, and the magnitude of increase was larger for men. Estimated smoking prevalence increased in the cohorts starting from the 1930s for men and the 1940s for women, and then decreased starting in the cohorts born in the 1970s for both genders. Although estimated drinking prevalence decreased starting in the cohorts born in approximately 1960 for men, for women it increased until the cohorts born in approximately 1970. Estimated physical activity prevalence decreased starting in the cohorts born in the 1940s in both genders, but the magnitude of decrease was larger for women. Conclusions: Trends in cohort effects differed by gender, which might be related to changes in the social environment for women. Improvements in dietary and exercise habits are required in more recently born cohorts of both genders.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.228-243
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the distinctions in dietary and health-related behaviors among Indonesian women who marry Koreans or into multicultural families (MF) and those who marry Indonesians living in Korea (IK) and in Indonesia (II). Methods: The study was performed with 192 subjects using an online questionnaire regarding food choice, dietary and health behavior, and nutrition quotient (NQ). The analysis used Pearson's chi-squared test, the Fisher's exact test, multinomial logistic regression, and the general linear model. Results: The MF group consumed Korean food more than once a day and Indonesian food 1-2 times monthly (p < 0.001). The main challenge for the IK and II groups in consuming Korean food was the presence of pork and the different food flavors (p < 0.001). The MF group tended to have normal body mass index, consumed more vitamin and mineral supplements (p = 0.014), and exercised regularly ≥150 min/week compared to the IK and II groups (p < 0.001). However, the MF group had the highest rate of skipping breakfast (p = 0.040). When evaluating the NQ of the participants, the MF group consumed more vegetables (p = 0.026), mixed grains (p = 0.031), and spicy and salt soups (p = 0.006). The II group consumed more fish (p = 0.005), beans (p = 0.009), and nuts (p = 0.003). The IK group checked the nutrition labels the most (p = 0.005), while their consumption of vegetables, fish, beans, and nuts was lowest. The MF group had a higher balance score, which resulted in a substantially more nutritious food intake compared to the other two groups (p = 0.037). Conclusion: The MF group consumed more vegetables and mixed grains, adequate fish, beans, and nuts, and engaged in longer daily physical activity. However, the IK group had a relatively low-quality diet and nutritional intake status compared to the other two groups, and this needs to be improved in the future.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.513-526
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of low sodium diet education program on dietary habits, diet quality, and measures of obesity in overweight or obese middle-aged women. Methods: Subjects were 81 individuals aged 45 years or over, who completed an 8-week nutrition education. The subjects were divided into a normal group (N = 30) and an overweight-obese group (N = 51) according to the BMI. The effects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement, biochemical analysis, questionnaire, and diet records before and after the program. Results: Overweight-obese group showed significant decreases in weight (p < 0.0001), BMI (p < 0.0001), percent of body fat (p = 0.0087), waist circumference (p < 0.0001), systolic (p = 0.0003) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0261). Nutrients intakes were not different between the two groups and only sodium intake was decreased after education. Total score of general dietary habits, dietary behavior related to sodium intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), diet variety score (DVS), and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) were improved in both groups compared to the baseline. Overweight-obese group showed significant improvement in 'having fruits everyday', 'having fish everyday', 'trying to eat many kinds of food', 'eating less broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles', 'eating less kimchi and salt-fermented vegetable', and 'propensity to think that dishes should be pretty seasoned'. In addition, moderation of empty calories food (p = 0.0064) and macronutrient ratio (p = 0.0004) were improved in the overweigh-obese group, but in the normal group, the results did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: These results suggested that low sodium diet education program may contribute to obesity management by improving diet quality and dietary habits in middle-aged women.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.477-484
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• 2015

본 연구는 부산지역 4개 대학 급식소를 방문한 학생 977명을 대상으로 짠맛 자가 선호도 및 소금 섭취 관련 식행동에 대한 설문조사를 실시함으로써 대학생들의 저염 식사 교육에 대한 방향을 제시하고자 시도하였다. 짠맛 자가 선호도는 '싱겁다' 18.8%, '보통이다' 45.8%, '짜다' 35.3%이었으며, 남학생이 여학생보다 짠맛에 대한 자가 선호도가 유의적(p<0.01)으로 높았다. 저염식의 의미를 아는 학생은 조사대상자의 79.8%이며, 남학생은 75.3%, 여학생은 84.7%으로 유의적(p<0.01)인 차이를 보였다. 짠맛 자가 선호도가 '싱겁다', '보통이다'인 학생은 '짜다'인 학생보다 저염식 인지 비율이 유의적(p<0.01)으로 높았다. 소금 섭취 식행동에서, 남학생은 여학생보다 '건어물, 생선자반 등을 자주 먹는다', '국이나 국수류의 국물을 다 먹는 편이다'(p<0.01)와 '김치류를 많이 먹는다', '튀김이나 전 생선회 등에 간장 고추장을 듬뿍 찍어 먹는다'(p<0.05)에서 유의적으로 높은 점수를 보였다. 짠맛 자가 선호도에 따른 소금 섭취 식행동 전체 평균점수는 '싱겁다' 2.49/5.00점, '보통이다' 2.87/5.00점, '짜다' 3.19/5.00점으로 각 짠맛 선호도에 따라 유의적(p<0.01)인 차이를 보였고, 소금 섭취 섭취 식행동의 모든 세부항목에서 짠맛 자가 선호도가 낮은 학생이 높은 학생보다 소금 섭취 식행동 점수가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮게 나타났다. 저염식을 인지하는 학생이 비인지 학생보다 소금 섭취 식행동 전체 평균점수가 유의적(p<0.01)으로 낮았으며, '국이나 국수류의 국물을 다 먹는 편이다', '생구이보다 양념구이 조림류를 선택한다', '라면을 자주 먹는다' (p<0.01)와 '외식을 하거나 배달을 자주 시켜먹는다'(p<0.05)에서 유의적으로 낮은 점수를 보였다. 짠맛 자가 선호도는 평상시 식사에서 간장, 고추장, 소금 등을 섭취하는 식행동과 유의적(p<0.01)으로 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 살펴볼 때, 앞으로 대학교에서는 학내에서 학생들에게 짠 맛에 대한 선호 및 짠맛 미각 판정 검사를 실시하고 이를 통해 소금 섭취 문제점을 고취시켜 저염식에 대한 인지를 높이며 나트륨 저감화가 실생활로 연계 될 수 있도록 구체적인 실천 방안 교육과 홍보가 전략적으로 이루어질 수 있도록 해야 하겠다.

• 한국농촌생활과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.19-31
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the consciousness health status and food habit for farmers in Korea. Eight hundred persons were surveyed by rural leader of RDA, composed with 35.1% of male and 64.9% of female. Data collection includes height weight and blood pressure by measuring method and personal & family situation by interview for influential factor of health status and food habit. The questionnaire was included dietary habit of salt, sugar, dietary fiber and fat intake and other behavior questions related with diet. The subjects were composed 32.5% of elementary school graduated and 50% of middle size farming. Of the all subjects, 54% of were rice planted farming mainly and 19 were over 65 year-aged group. In the concept of disease prevalence. gender difference was exist, liver and heart complains were more frequency in male and waist pain and urinary complain in female, shoulder pain and nervousness were frequently prevalent to all group of farmers. The hypertension prevalence of farmers were 16% by measuring blood pressure, but consciousness of hypertension was very low (5%). The correlation of health status with personal factors were analysed, body weight, number of family, education level, and working level were significant with CMI score and Farmers' syndrome score. The food habit status was negatively correlated with weight and BMI, age was negatively correlated with CMI score and farmers' syndrome. The consciousness of health status and food habit score were significantly correlated with smoking and alcohol drinking. It concludes that good food habit contribute wellness of health. Nutrition education for better food habit would be helpful on health status.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2000

Hypertension is a well-known degenerative disease whose prevalence rate increases with age. Management of high blood pressure is a critical concern in preventive strategies to reduce the morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary characteristics of hypertensive program participants, and to establish strategies based on their nutritional needs. Hypertensive patients were enrolled in the program in a public health center or in a local elderly center, at Suwon, in 1999-2000. Trained dietitians interviewed 62 enrollees(24-hour recall) and related variables. Mean body mass index of the subjects was 25.0kg/m². 30.7% of the subjects had a family history of hypertension. The majority of them ate regularly and partook of all available side dishes. They consumed grains and vegetables regularly, but seldom ate dairy products or food prepared with oil. Male enrollees frequently consumed more processed food and animal fat than did female enrollees(p<0.05). An analysis of the percentage of RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances of Korea 1995) showed that but for ascorbic acid, enrollees consumed nutrients below the RDA. The food group intake pattern was not diverse, thus only 8.1% of enrollees consumed all food groups in a day. An analysis of eating attitude showed that 64.5% of enrollees always added salt to beef soup. Male enrollees showed low food-related self-efficacy compared to female enrollees, especially with reference to reduction of instant food intake(p<0.01), increase in vegetable intake(p<0.01), reduction of monosodium glutamate(MSG) intake(p<0.01). and not overeating(p<0.05). Their perceived barriers for participating in hypertension nutrition programs included lack of time, program necessity non-recognition, and program comprehension difficulty. These results suggest that nutrition education program necessity non-recognition, and program comprehension difficulty. These results suggest that nutrition education programs for community hypertensive patients should focus on increasing participant consumption of foods, expecially dairy products, and desirable eating attitudes. It also suggests that the program should consider should consider encouraging self-efficacy in changing eating behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.537-550
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 고혈압 유병율이 높고 소금이 다량 함유된 김치, 장아찌, 장류 위주의 식생활을 하는 농촌 성인의 고혈압 및 만성 퇴행성 질병의 유병율을 낮추는데 도움을 주는 기초자료를 마련하고자, 농촌의 중년기 이후 성인의 식습관 및 건강습관과 식염섭취 행동을 조사하고 이에 영향을 미치는 식행동 요인들을 조사하였다. 조사 대상은 충북 옥천군의 옥천읍과 8개면 성인 주민을 대상으로 비례추출에 의해 402가구를 선정하고 가구당 1인씩 총 402인을 유의 추출하였다. 1% 소금물에 대한 짠맛 민감도를 조사하여 민감군, 보통군, 둔감군의 세 군으로 분류하고 각 군의 식행동과 주변인의 영향과 지원을 분석하였다. 1) 본 연구 대상자는 남자 133명 (33.1%), 여자 269명 (66.9%), 총 402명으로 평균 연령은 $58.9{\pm}9.4$세로 남녀 모두 61~70세 (40.0%)가 가장 많았다. 2) 조사대상자의 평균 체질량 지수 (kg/$m^2$)는 남자 $23.6{\pm}3.5$, 여자 $24.6{\pm}3.3$로 여자가 남자에 비해 과체중의 경향이 컸다. 허리-엉덩이 둘레비 (WHR)도 남자 $0.90{\pm}0.12$, 여자 $0.92{\pm}0.49$로 여자가 높았고, 연령별로는 모두 50~64세 (남 $0.92{\pm}0.13$, 여 $0.98{\pm}0.74$)에서 가장 높았다가 65세 이상에서 감소하였다 (남 $0.89{\pm}0.09$, 여 $0.90{\pm}0.05$). 3) 평소 먹는 음식의 간에 대한 응답에서 보통으로 먹는다 38.1%, 짜지 않게 먹는다 35.1%, 짜게 먹는다 26.9%의 순서로 많았는데, 65세 이상의 최고령층에서 짜게 먹는다는 응답이 34.6%로 가장 많았다. 음식 간에 대해 자녀보다 더 짜게 먹는 다는 응답도 65세 이상의 최고령층에서 가장 높았다 (p < 0.01). 1% 소금물에 대해 50.3%는 짜다, 41%는 보통이다, 8.7%는 싱겁다고 응답하였다. 4) 식염섭취 관련 식습관 및 식행동 조사에서 짠맛 둔감군은 보통군이나 민감군에 비해 규칙적으로 식사하는 비율이 낮은데 반해, 과식비율, 10분 이내의 식사속도, 편식, 튀김선호 비율이 세 군 중 가장 높았다. 5) 식염섭취에 대한 견해 및 행동에서 짠맛 둔감군이 짠 음식을 습관적으로 가장 많이 섭취하였고, 짠 음식 섭취가 건강에 좋지 않다는 인식, 짜게 먹는 습관을 바꾸겠다는 의지나 실천도도 가장 낮았다. 6) 식염섭취 감소를 위한 지원이나 영향력이 가장 큰 사람은 배우자 등 가족보다 의료 및 영양 전문가들 (각각 58.4%, 56.8%)이었다. 7) 식염섭취에 대한 자아효능감 조사에서 식염 섭취 조절이 어렵다고 답한 경우는 매끼니 (46.3%), 배우자가 짠 음식을 좋아할 때 (45.2%), 외식 할 때 (36.3%)의 순으로 높았다. 특히 민감군은 매 끼니, 외식시, 배우자가 짠 음식을 좋아하는 경우 모두에서 식염조절 능력이 높은 편이었다. 8) 식품군별 섭취빈도에서 유의적인 차이를 나타낸 식품군은 채소류, 과일류, 매운 음식류로서, 민감군에서 채소류와 과일류의 섭취빈도가 높은 반면 둔감군은 매운 음식류에 대한 섭취빈도가 높았다. 농촌의 중년기 이후 성인의 식습관 및 건강습관과 식염섭취 행동을 조사한 결과, 짠 음식 섭취가 습관화된 행태를 보이며 식염 섭취와 인식정도에 비해 식염 저감을 위한 실천정도는 낮아 주민들이 손쉽게 실천할 수 있는 효과적인 저염섭취를 위한 식생활 실천방안의 제시가 요구된다. 또한 의료 및 영양전문가들을 통한 영양교육과 배우자 등 가족에 대한 교육이 강화되고 산업체에서의 저염식품 개발 등을 유도하여 염분섭취 감소를 위한 식생활 환경 구축과 실천 가능한 범국민적 저염식 영양교육 지원책이 정부차원에서 더 적극적으로 수립되어야겠다.