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Dietary Behavior Related to Salty Food Intake of Adults Living in a Rural Area according to Saline Sensitivity

농촌 지역의 중년이후 성인의 염분 민감도에 따른 짠 음식 섭취 관련 식행동

  • Kim, Mi-Kyoung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Han, Jang-Il (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Chung, Young-Jin (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University)
  • 김미경 (충남대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 한 장일 (충남대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 정영진 (충남대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2011.08.23
  • Accepted : 2011.11.21
  • Published : 2011.12.31

Abstract

This study was conducted to identify behavioral characteristics of salty food intake according to saline sensitivity of adults living in a rural area. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured and salt intake-related dietary behavior was surveyed by questionnaires through interviews with 402 subjects aged ${\geq}$ 40 years in Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea. The percentages of overweight and obese among the subjects were 37.8% and 3.8% respectively. Mean blood pressure of the subjects was in the normal range, but the distribution of subjects who were normotensive, high normal, and hypertensive was 48.7%, 17.7%, and 33.6% respectively. Approximately 27% of all subjects habitually consumed salty food, which was the smallest group, followed by 38.1% normal and 35.1% not-salty food. However, 34.6% of the eldest group of ${\geq}$ 65 years consumed salty food. The saline insensitive group showed a higher percentage of irregular meals, overeating, speed-eating, an unbalanced diet, a preference for fried food, and habitual intake of salty foods. These subjects recognized the risk for eating salty food, but they lacked the will to reduce their salty food intake. Compared to spouses and family members, experts such as doctors, nurses, and dieticians were the most influential for reducing the salty food intake of subjects. Saline sensitive group had relatively better control over salty food intake at every meal, eating out, and even when eating salty food that the spouse preferred. The saline sensitive group ate more frequently vegetables and fruits, whereas the saline insensitive group ate more frequently hot spicy foods. In conclusion, the results suggest that it is necessary to establish a social atmosphere toward reducing salt intake at the level of the government and food industry and to set action plans to be available for nutrition education programs to reduce salt intake nationwide.

본 연구에서는 고혈압 유병율이 높고 소금이 다량 함유된 김치, 장아찌, 장류 위주의 식생활을 하는 농촌 성인의 고혈압 및 만성 퇴행성 질병의 유병율을 낮추는데 도움을 주는 기초자료를 마련하고자, 농촌의 중년기 이후 성인의 식습관 및 건강습관과 식염섭취 행동을 조사하고 이에 영향을 미치는 식행동 요인들을 조사하였다. 조사 대상은 충북 옥천군의 옥천읍과 8개면 성인 주민을 대상으로 비례추출에 의해 402가구를 선정하고 가구당 1인씩 총 402인을 유의 추출하였다. 1% 소금물에 대한 짠맛 민감도를 조사하여 민감군, 보통군, 둔감군의 세 군으로 분류하고 각 군의 식행동과 주변인의 영향과 지원을 분석하였다. 1) 본 연구 대상자는 남자 133명 (33.1%), 여자 269명 (66.9%), 총 402명으로 평균 연령은 $58.9{\pm}9.4$세로 남녀 모두 61~70세 (40.0%)가 가장 많았다. 2) 조사대상자의 평균 체질량 지수 (kg/$m^2$)는 남자 $23.6{\pm}3.5$, 여자 $24.6{\pm}3.3$로 여자가 남자에 비해 과체중의 경향이 컸다. 허리-엉덩이 둘레비 (WHR)도 남자 $0.90{\pm}0.12$, 여자 $0.92{\pm}0.49$로 여자가 높았고, 연령별로는 모두 50~64세 (남 $0.92{\pm}0.13$, 여 $0.98{\pm}0.74$)에서 가장 높았다가 65세 이상에서 감소하였다 (남 $0.89{\pm}0.09$, 여 $0.90{\pm}0.05$). 3) 평소 먹는 음식의 간에 대한 응답에서 보통으로 먹는다 38.1%, 짜지 않게 먹는다 35.1%, 짜게 먹는다 26.9%의 순서로 많았는데, 65세 이상의 최고령층에서 짜게 먹는다는 응답이 34.6%로 가장 많았다. 음식 간에 대해 자녀보다 더 짜게 먹는 다는 응답도 65세 이상의 최고령층에서 가장 높았다 (p < 0.01). 1% 소금물에 대해 50.3%는 짜다, 41%는 보통이다, 8.7%는 싱겁다고 응답하였다. 4) 식염섭취 관련 식습관 및 식행동 조사에서 짠맛 둔감군은 보통군이나 민감군에 비해 규칙적으로 식사하는 비율이 낮은데 반해, 과식비율, 10분 이내의 식사속도, 편식, 튀김선호 비율이 세 군 중 가장 높았다. 5) 식염섭취에 대한 견해 및 행동에서 짠맛 둔감군이 짠 음식을 습관적으로 가장 많이 섭취하였고, 짠 음식 섭취가 건강에 좋지 않다는 인식, 짜게 먹는 습관을 바꾸겠다는 의지나 실천도도 가장 낮았다. 6) 식염섭취 감소를 위한 지원이나 영향력이 가장 큰 사람은 배우자 등 가족보다 의료 및 영양 전문가들 (각각 58.4%, 56.8%)이었다. 7) 식염섭취에 대한 자아효능감 조사에서 식염 섭취 조절이 어렵다고 답한 경우는 매끼니 (46.3%), 배우자가 짠 음식을 좋아할 때 (45.2%), 외식 할 때 (36.3%)의 순으로 높았다. 특히 민감군은 매 끼니, 외식시, 배우자가 짠 음식을 좋아하는 경우 모두에서 식염조절 능력이 높은 편이었다. 8) 식품군별 섭취빈도에서 유의적인 차이를 나타낸 식품군은 채소류, 과일류, 매운 음식류로서, 민감군에서 채소류와 과일류의 섭취빈도가 높은 반면 둔감군은 매운 음식류에 대한 섭취빈도가 높았다. 농촌의 중년기 이후 성인의 식습관 및 건강습관과 식염섭취 행동을 조사한 결과, 짠 음식 섭취가 습관화된 행태를 보이며 식염 섭취와 인식정도에 비해 식염 저감을 위한 실천정도는 낮아 주민들이 손쉽게 실천할 수 있는 효과적인 저염섭취를 위한 식생활 실천방안의 제시가 요구된다. 또한 의료 및 영양전문가들을 통한 영양교육과 배우자 등 가족에 대한 교육이 강화되고 산업체에서의 저염식품 개발 등을 유도하여 염분섭취 감소를 위한 식생활 환경 구축과 실천 가능한 범국민적 저염식 영양교육 지원책이 정부차원에서 더 적극적으로 수립되어야겠다.

Keywords

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