• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of dietary inorganic (copper sulfate) and organic (copper proteinate) forms of copper and energy level on performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old commercial Vencobb broiler chicks were purchased and randomly distributed to 20 cages of 10 birds each. These replicates were randomly assigned to one of five treatments in a (($2{\times}2$)+1) factorial arrangement. These two factors were sources of Cu ($CuSO_{4}$ vs. Cuproteinate) and dose of Cu supplements (200 mg and 400 mg/kg dietary dry matter) and the control (no supplemental Cu). After the starter period (up to 3 weeks), from d 22 onwards another factor i.e. energy at two levels (2,900 vs. 2,920 kcal/kg diet) was introduced with the previous factorial arrangements by subdividing each replicate into two equal parts, for two energy levels, without disturbing the dose and source of Cu supplement. Cu-salt supplementation linearly increased (p<0.01) live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 3 weeks, whereas cumulative feed intake (CFI) was unaffected (p>0.05). LWG and FCR were higher (p<0.01) in Cu-proteinate supplemented birds compared to $CuSO_{4}$ supplementation. A linear dose response (p<0.01) of Cu was found for the performance of broiler chickens. Birds having a higher energy level in the finisher stage increased (p<0.01) LWG and FCR. Cumulative feed intake was similar (p>0.05) across the groups up to the 5th week. Cu-proteinate increased performance of broiler chickens compared to $CuSO_{4}$. Dose of supplemental Cu-salt irrespective of source showed a linear response (p<0.01) for performance. Supplementation of Cu-proteinate increased metabolizability of DM (p<0.01), NFE (p<0.05), total carbohydrate (p<0.01) and OM (p<0.01) at the starter period. Increased dose of Cu-salt linearly increased (p<0.01) metabolizability of DM, CP, CF, NFE and OM. Higher energy level in the diet improved DM (p<0.05), EE (p<0.01), NFE (p = 0.01), total carbohydrate (p<0.01) and OM (p<0.01) metabolizability. Cu-proteinate supplementation showed better nutrient utilization compared to CuSO4. Dose of Cu linearly increased DM, CP, EE, NFE, total carbohydrate and OM metabolizability. CF metabolizability was unaffected (p>0.05) among the treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cu-salt more than the requirement may improve performance and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens even with a high energy finisher diet. Cu-proteinate showed better performance and nutrient utilization compared to $CuSO_{4}$.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2015

In order to compare salt tolerance among potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.), in vitro plants of each cultivar were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog's medium containing different levels of NaCl (0, 75, 150, and 225 mM). The suitable level of NaCl for a comparison of the shoot and root growth between potato cultivars was 75mM. Shoot length and weight were better in 'Dejima', 'Superior', 'Jayoung', and 'Haryeong' than in other cultivars such as 'Goun' and 'Atlantic'. Normal root growth was observed in 'Seohong', 'Superior', and 'Haryeong', while 'Goun', 'Atlantic', 'Dejima', 'Jowon', and 'Chuback' showed no root. Proline contents in all the cultivars increased as affected by NaCl levels, then the increase amount was fewer in the cultivars showed a better growth in both shoot and root than in others showed a poor growth. As a result of this study, 'Superior' and 'Haryeong' were determined as salt tolerant cultivars and therefore using these cultivars it would be possible to potato production at salt arable land such as reclaimed tidal.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.306-316
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the functional characteristics and safety properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from salt-fermented anchovy, a putative probiotic candidate. The following isolates were identified by biochemical profiles, carbohydrate fermentation patterns, and 16S rRNA sequencing: Enterococcus faecium AJ06, Leuconostoc mesenteroides AJ13, Pediococcus halophilus AJ22, Lactobacillus sakei AJ29, and Pediococcus pentosaceus AJ35. The strains AJ06, AJ22, AJ29 exhibited high tolerance to simulated gastric and intestinal juices and were able to produce bile salt hydrolase on MRS agar plates supplemented with taurocholic acid and/or taurodeoxycholic acid. The strains AJ22 and AJ29, which demonstrated high adherence to Caco-2 cells and resistance to various antibiotics, effectively inhibited the growth of food-borne pathogens by the production of antimicrobial substances. These strains did not show ${\alpha}-$ or ${\beta}$-haemolysis on blood agar. Furthermore, biogenic amines in MRS broth containing the precursor amino acids were not mutagenic in Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2001

The effect of dietary supplementation of sodium salt of isobutyric acid in low protein (10% CP) wheat straw based diet on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation was studied in ruminally fistulated male crossbred cattle. The study included a 7 day metabolism and a 3 day rumen fermentation trials. The cattle were distributed into two equal groups of 4 each. The animals of control group were fed a basal diet consisting of wheat straw, concentrate mixture and green maize fodder in 40:40:20 proportion whereas branched chain volatile fatty acid (BCFA) supplemented group received a basal diet + isobutyric acid at 0.75 percent of basal diet. The duration of study was 36 days. The feed intake between experimental groups did not differ significantly and the average total DMI (% BW) was 2.01 and $2.28kg\;day^{-1}$ in control and BCFA supplemented diets. The dietary supplementation of BCFA improved (p<0.05) the DM, OM, NDF and cellulose digestibility by 4.46, 6.63, 10.57 and 11.31 per cent over those fed control diet. The total N retention on BCFA supplementation was improved (p<0.01) due to decreased (p<0.05) urinary N excretion. The concentrations of ruminal total N was 37.07 and $34.77mg\;100ml^{-1}$ in control and BCFA fed groups, respectively. Dietary supplementation BCFA significantly (p<0.01) reduced the ruminal ammonia N concentration as compared to control and the mean values ($mg\;100ml^{-1}$) were 13.18 and 9.42 in control and BCFA fed groups. The total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (101.14 mM) than the control (93.05 mM). Among the VFAs, the molar proportion of acetate was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (71.07 mM) as compared to control (64.98 mM). However, the concentration of propionate and butyrate remained unchanged. Amino acids composition of bacterial hydrolysates was similar in both the groups. Ruminal outflow rate of liquid digesta was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA fed group ($67.56l\;day^{-1}$) than control ($52.73l\;day^{-1}$). It is concluded that the dietary supplementation of Na-salt of isobutyric acid in low protein diet improved the nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2005

Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is very difficult to obtain stable production of qualified ginseng roots because of variable stresses in soil environments. In transformation of ginseng with betain aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, compounds synthesized for controlling osmotic pressure such as proline, glycine, betaine, polyols and sugar were accumulated in cell for salt resistance in transgenic plants. 2 Agrobactgerium conjugants were acquired with bet A and bet B genes for solt resistant plants. A. tumefaciens MP90/pBetA and A. tumefaciens MP90/pBetB were recombined for increasing the tolerance to salt stress. To confirm the transformation of the binary vector, tobacco plant was transformed, and the transformant can grow on media containing high concentration of kanamycin. To identify NPT 11, BetA and BetB genes of the transformants, the band on the agarose was confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR techniques. The transformants of ginseng with bet A and bet B genes were acquired on the phytohormone free basic MS media containing only antibiotics and 1M mannitol used for selection of transgenic plant, but the transfomation efficiency for BetA and BetB was very low.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.206-223
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• 2003

Bays and caps represent the physical characteristics of Naepo area in Korea. And reclamation of tidal land presents a clue toward the understanding of regional identities and landscape changes in this area. Reclamation of tidal land in the Garorim bay that is representative of the physical geographies of Naepo area had trended toward 'the diffusion of salt ponds' during Joseon dynasty. Hereafter the Japanese imperialism, the reclamation had tumed to 'the reclamation of arable lands' by drainage. But, at the same time the land use of salt pond that had been the most appropriate strategy of adaptation for the ecological environments of this area has showed a sort of the geographical long-term durability. And the great landlords that had emerged during Japanese imperialism were the Yeom-han(鹽漢, laborers who engaged in salt production) in former times. They as a new local elites have played a leading role in the reclamation of tidal land and the making of regional landscape.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1742-1752
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• 2013

A basal diet (0.8 g/kg dNa) was formulated in which each of the two sources ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$) were supplemented in such a way to attain four levels (1.7, 2.6, 3.5, and 4.4 g/kg) of total dNa, respectively, under $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Eight dietary treatments were replicated four times, with 40 birds in each replicate (n = 1,280). The diets supplemented with $Na_2SO_4$ to attain higher levels of dNa showed highest BW gain and feed intake (FI) during d 1 to 10 (interaction effects) while 2.6 g/kg dNa exhibited improved BW gain and gain:feed (FG) during d 11 to 20. Linear rise in daily water intake (DWI) was associated with diets containing increasing dNa during d 1 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.036$). During the first 10 d, DWI:FI was found highest in $NaHCO_3$ diets while $Na_2SO_4$ diets showed highest DWI:FI during last 10 d of the experiment ($p{\leq}0.036$). Increasing dNa and changing $Na_2SO_4$ with $NaHCO_3$ salt increased pH and resulted in poor growth performance. Dressing weight ($p{\leq}0.001$) and abdominal fat ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratic effect) were reduced, whereas breast ($p{\leq}0.001$) and thigh (p<0.001) weights were aggravated with increasing dNa (linear effects). Present findings suggested higher levels of dNa from $Na_2SO_4$ as the supplemental salt in broiler diets would produce better growth performance, especially in first ten days of life, and improve carcass and body organ characteristics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.648-662
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• 2020

Purpose: Sodium intake is persistently decreasing because of the government's sodium reduction policy. This study aimed to identify foods and dishes that contributed to the reduction of sodium intake and evaluate the effects of the sodium reduction policy. Methods: The subjects were 57,809 participants in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey from 2010 to 2017. To identify food and dish sources of sodium intake, the food and dish groups were classified into 23 and 21 groups, respectively. Foods and dishes that contributed to sodium intake were categorized according to the production and cooking venues: production by manufacturers, home cooking, cooking at catering service, and restaurant cooking. Results: Sodium intake was 4,876 mg in 2010 to 3,477 mg in 2017, showing a 29.7% decrease in intake in 2010. Sodium intake was decreased mainly in foods produced by manufacturers and home-cooked foods. The main contributory factors to sodium from the food and dish groups differed according to the food manufacturer and cooking venue. The kimchi produced by manufacturers, cooked soup/tang/jjigae/hotpot at home and catering services, and cooked noodles/dumplings in restaurants were the main contributors to the sodium intake. Conclusion: The type of foods and dishes that contribute to sodium intake tended to expand over the years from specific foods and dishes to various groups of foods and dishes. These results provide evidence for the development and production of low-salt foods and dietary education related to low-salt intake.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2008

Objectives : Inflammation is important event in the development of vascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. Injinho-tang(IJHT) has been used as a traditional Korean herbal medicine since ancient times, and today it is widely used as a medication for jaundice associated with inflammation of the liver. The aim of this study was to determine whether IJHT and its components inhibit production of nitrite, an index of NO, and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cytotoxic activity of IJHT and its components on RAW 264.7 cells was using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were detected by western blot. Results : IJHT and its components significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression accompanied by an attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (1L-6), IL-$1{\beta}$ and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) formation in macrophages. Conclusions : IJHT and its components inhibit LPS-induced inflammation via decreasing cytokines production. These results indicate that IJHT and its components have potential as an anti-inflammation and anti-artherosclerosis agent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 1993

In order to study the effect of the intestinal bacteria on the physiology of the human large intestinal tract, we isolated the intestinal bacteria of Koreans and tested the enzymatic patterns. Isolated Bifidobacterium sp. Int-57 showed the higher activity of ${\beta}-xylosidase$ than other intestinal microorganisms. The effect of the carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, initial pH and initial temperature on the production of ${\beta}-xylosidase$ of Bifidobacterium sp. Int-57 was investigated. The most suitable carbon source, nitrogen source and inorganic salt for the production of ${\beta}-xylosidase$ were 1.1% xylose, 0.4% yeast extract and 0.0003% $CoCl_2$ respectively at initial pH 7.0 and temperature $40^{\circ}C$.