• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.127-137
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• 2022

This study examined the growth pattern and environmental factors affecting the growth of the halophyte, Suaeda japonica, which is prevalent on tidal flats in the west coast of Korea in order to calculate annual carbon production. Quantitative sampling was conducted every month for three years from 2018 to 2020 on salt marshes located on the southern coast of Ganghwa Island. In terms of annual density affected by the germination rate at first period, especially when air temperature for winter time was constantly below 0℃ for long periods of time, germination decreased and precipitation in summer also exerted an influence. In terms of annual growth with regard to length, the part below the ground grew rapidly in the beginning after budding, while the part above ground grew at a relatively steady rate at all times. With regard to biomass, the part below the ground also increased from April in a manner similar to length growth, but decreased drastically from September with leaves falling off and water loss occurring. The part above ground showed a rapid increase from the beginning of the rainy season. Size-frequency distribution revealed broader patterns after the rainy season as individual growth varied, but from September, it stopped at all year. High growth rates were recorded in the initial phase of growth after budding and growth was rapid, but growth declined in summer when biomass increased. The annual mean production based on growth rate was calculated at 352 gDWt/m²/yr, and the highest production was 519 gDWt/m²/yr in 2018, but it has decreased since 2019. Annual carbon production was at calculated 143.41 gC/m²/yr for Suaeda japonica in the vicinity of the southern coast of Ganghwa Island.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.220-224
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• 2002

폐기물로 버려지는 명태 가공부산물인 절란을 효율적으로 이용할 수 있는 방안을 찾기 위해, 절란 젓을 제조하여 cellulose casing에 포장한 다음 숙성 중에 일어나는 여러 가지 화학적 및 미생물 변화를 측정하였다. 상온숙성$(25^{\circ}C)$에서는 냉장숙성$(5^{\circ}C)$보다 pH가 급격히 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 젖산량은 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 상온숙성에서는 급격한 증가를 보였고 냉장숙성에서는 서서히 증가하였다. 아미노태 질소는 상온숙성시 숙성기간 1주일째 급격한 증가 후 서서히 증가하였고 냉장숙성$(5^{\circ}C)$시 3주째까지 증가하다가 감소하였다. 휘발성 염기성 질소는 상온숙성$(25^{\circ}C)$시 급격한 증가를 보였고, 냉장숙성$(5^{\circ}C)$시 서서히 증가함을 보였다. 미생물의 변화는 상온숙성$(25^{\circ}C)$시 냉장숙성$(5^{\circ}C)$보다 미생물의 수치가 높았으며, 대장균군은 초기에 나타났다가 모두 제거되었다. 명태 절란젓의 최적 생산공정 및 유통기간 설정을 위해서는 관능검사 등을 통한 보충연구가 필요하다고 본다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2007

Objective : Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) (SM), an eminent herbal plant, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of vascular diseases such as hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine whether SM inhibits production of nitrite, an index of NO, and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. And this study investigated whether or not SM could reduce tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)-induced inflammatory response in human vascular aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Methods : Cytotoxic activity of SM on RAW 264.7 cells was using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxy phenyJ)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. We measured the NO production using Griess Reagent System. Production of Proliflammatory cytokines was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results : Our results indicated that SM significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO production accompanied by an attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 formation in macrophages. SM decreased TNF-${\alpha}$-induced IL-8, IL-6 production, and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression. Conclusion : These results indicate that SM has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.854-866
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• 2016

The production cost of biodiesel from microalgae is still not competitive, compared with that of petroleum fuels. The genetic improvement of microalgal strains to increase triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation is one way to reduce production costs. One of the most promising approaches is the isolation of starch-deficient mutants, which have been reported to successfully increase TAG yields. To date, such a stable mutant is not available in an oleaginous marine microalga, despite several advantages of using marine species for biodiesel production. Algae in the genus Dunaliella are known to tolerate high salt concentration and other environmental stresses. In addition, the cultivation processes for large-scale outdoor commercialization have been well established for this genus. In this study, Dunaliella tertiolecta was used to screen for starch-deficient mutants, using an iodine vapor-staining method. Four out of 20,016 UV-mutagenized strains showed a substantial reduction of starch content. A significantly higher TAG content, up to 3-fold of the wild-type level, was observed in three of the mutants upon induction by nitrogen depletion. The carotenoid production and growth characteristics of these mutants, under both normal and oxidative stress conditions, were not compromised, suggesting that these processes are not necessarily affected by starch deficiency. The results from this work open up new possibilities for exploring Dunaliella for biodiesel production.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2002

아카시재목 버섯 균사체로부터 혈전용해효소를 생산하기 위한 최적 배양조건을 조사하였다. 복합배지 중 CVM이 가장 우수하였으며, 탄소원, 질소원, 인산원 및 무기질원으로 각각 2% galactose, 0.6% yeast extract와 0.1% $NaNO_3$, 0 0.1 % $K_2HPO_4$, 및 0.05% $MgSO_4$. $7H_2O$의 첨가에 의하여 효소의 활성이 가장 증가하였다. 따라서 F. fraxinea로부터 혈전용해효소를 생산하기 위한 최적 배지조건은 2% galactose, 0.6% yeast extract, 0.1 % $NaNO_3$, 0.1 % $K_2HPO_4$ 및 0.05% $MgSO_4$. $7H_2O$이다. 이상의 배지를 사용하여 배양온도 $25^{\circ}C$ 초기 pH 9에서 10일 동안 배양하였을 때 효소의 생산이 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 배양액 중의 효소의 최적 온도 및 pH는 $40^{\circ}C$ 및 pH 10이었다. 본 효소의 활성이 PMSF와 aprotinin에 의하여 완전히 억제되는 것으로 보아 본 효소가 senne protease 계열의 효소임을 추정할 수 있었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.228-234
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• 2006

장수버섯(Fomitella fraxinea)의 균사체 배양액으로부터 laccase를 생산하기 위한 최적 배양조건을 조사하였다. 복합 배지 중에서 MCM이 laccase의 생산에 가장 우수하였으며, laccase를 생산하기 위한 최적 배지조건은 탄소원, 질소원, 인산원 및 무기질원으로 각각 2% dextrose, 0.4% $(NH_4)_{2}HPO_4$, 0.05% $Na_{2}HPO_{4}{\cdot}7H_{2}O$ 및 0.05% KCl의 첨가에 의하여 효소의 생산이 가장 높았다. 따라서 E. fraxinea로 부터 laccase를 생산하기 위한 최적 배지조건은 2% dextrose, 0.4% $(NH_4)_{2}HPO_4$, 0.05% $Na_{2}HPO_{4}{\cdot}7H_{2}O$ 및 0.05% KCl 이다. 이상의 배지를 사용하여 배양온도 $25^{\circ}C$, 초기 pH 8.0에서 10일 동안 배양하였을 때 효소의 생산이 가장 증가함을 알 수 있었다. Staib agar plate 상에서 장수 버섯(Fomitella fraxinea) 균사체의 laccase활성여부를 확인할 수 있었으며 배양액 중의 효소 활성의 최적 pH와 온도는 pH 5.0과 $50^{\circ}C$ 이었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2010

Objective : The aim of this study was to determine whether methanol extract of Keum-Ryung-Ja-San (KRJS) inhibit production of NO, $PGE_2$, iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cytotoxic activity of extracts on RAW 264.7 cells was measured using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. And proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2 were measured by ELISA kit. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), $I{\kappa}-B-\alpha$ and nuclear NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 expression were detected by western blot. Results : Our results indicated that methanol extract of KRJS significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$ production and iNOS, COX-2 expression accompanied by an attenuation of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, methanol extract of KRJS treatment also blocked LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Conclusion : These findings indicate that methanol extract of KRJS inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines via suppression of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Take together, these results indicate that methanol extract of KRJS has the potential for use as an agent of anti-chronic inflammatory diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1320-1331
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• 2009

Oxidative stress and inflammation are important events in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases including arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension. Cynomorium songaricum (CS) has been used as a traditional Korean herbal medicine, and it is currently used in traditional clinics to treat frequent urination, spermatorrhea, weakness of the sinews and constipation in the folk medicine. The aim of this study was to determine whether fractionated extracts of CS inhibit free radical generation such as DPPH radical, superoxide radical, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, production of nitrite an index of NO, $PGE_2$, iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cytotoxic activity of extracts on RAW 264.7 cells was measured using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. Our results indicated that the most superior extract which scavenged DPPH radical, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNS was CS ethyl acetate extract (CSEA). Moreover, CSEA significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$ production and iNOS, COX-2 expression accompanied by an attenuation of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 formation in macrophages. Furthermore, CSEA treatment also blocked LPS-induced intracellular ROS production and the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$. These findings indicate that CSEA inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines via the suppression of ROS production and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Take together, these results indicate that CSEA has the potential for use as an natural anti-oxidant and an agent of anti-chronic inflammatory diseases.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.396-399
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• 2004

본 실험은 고체배지를 이용한 새로운 실험방법을 이용하여 건조 및 염 스트레스에 대한 식물체의 형태학적인 특성을 뿌리신장률, 근단구조, 물질생산 등의 측면에서 조사하였다. PEG 및 NaCl 처리조건에서 처리 농도가 증가할수록 벼 식물체의 뿌리신장이 현저하게 저하되었으며, PEC 및 NaCl 처리에 따른 벼 식물체의 뿌리는 methyl-lignin 축적에 의한 리그닌화가 진행되었으며, 수분결핍을 극복하려는 기작으로 표피세포를 변형시킨 근모의 발생이 관찰되었다. 또한 PEG 및 NaCl 처리에 의한 벼 식물체의 지상부와 지하부의 건물 생산량의 현저한 감소는 지상부보다 지하부에서 뚜렷하였으며, 그 결과 PEG 및 NaCl 처 처리농도를 증가시킴에 따라 TR율의 증가를 보였다. 상기의 결과로부터 건조 및 염 처리를 한 고체배지를 이용함으로써 벼의 경우 스트레스 처리 전 약 2주간 유묘를 생육시키는 양액재배에 비해 발아기의 각종 스트레스에 대한 식물체 반응의 관찰과 내성 특성 검정에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2002

된장 제조과정 중 불쾌취와 점질물을 생성하는 부패균인 B. subtilis의 생육억제를 위해 nisin을 생성하는 L. lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 7962, ATCC 11454, IFO 12007을 이용하여 유산발효를 수행하여 pH변화, B. subtilis의 생육저해도등을 검토하였다. 증자콩에서 nisin 생성유산균들의 생육특성을 살펴본 결과, 세 가지의 균주 모두가 증자대두 1g 당 $10^{6}$ CFU 접종하여 24시간 이내에 $10^{9}$ CFU로 급격하게 자라므로 영양요구성이 복잡한 유산균이 증자대두에서 다른 영양소의 첨가없이도 잘 생육함을 확인하였다. 증자콩에서 7962와 11454는 생육에 따라 pH가 급격히 저하되어 된장발효용 종균으로 사용할 수 없었다. 증자한 콩 중에 잘 증식하고 유산발효 후 pH 변화가 완만한 12007을 된장발효의 종균으로 전혀 문제점 없어 사용시 부패균인 B. subtilis의 생육이 효과적으로 저해됨이 확인되었다. 생성된 nisin은 황국균이 생성하는 protease에 의해 분해되며 콩 속에 다량으로 존재하던 유산균은 사입시 첨가되는 식염으로 불화성화되거나 사멸하여 된장의 산패를 막아준다. 그리고 8% 식염을 첨가하여 된장 제조시, 즉 저염 된장 제조시 B. subtilis의 생육이 효과적으로 억제되고 다수로 존재하던 유산균은 담금 후 점차 줄어들어 시간경과 후에는 관찰되지 않았다. 8%함유 식염된장의 숙성 중 pH 변화 역시 12% 함유 식염된장과 유사한 값을 나타내었다.