• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.5.1-5.10
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• 2017

Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the leading causes of economic losses in the beef and dairy industry. Reliable antemortem tools for diagnosing BRD would improve the efficacy of treatment and reduce costs. Here we examined whether the relatively simple technique of thoracoscopy can support BRD diagnosis under field conditions. We also compared various equipment set-ups in order to optimize the safety and efficacy of the procedure. A total of 24 thoracoscopic procedures were performed in 17 calves diagnosed with BRD and in 2 healthy control calves. Rigid and flexible endoscopes and industrial videoscopes were tested using various insertion approaches. The suitability of the technique was assessed in terms of duration, volume of air extracted, visualization score, and image quality. Safety was assessed in terms of rectal temperature, body weight, breaths/min, presence of fibrinogen, pain score, recovery time, intraoperative complications and risk of laceration or threatening collapse. Results: Insertion of a flexible endoscope via a right, dorso-caudal approach at the $5^{th}$ intercostal space allowed complete examination of the right lung in 15 min, as well as identification of main lung lesions and adherences in calves with BRD, without compromising calf welfare. While the dorso-caudal approach was optimal, it was associated with substantial discomfort when rigid endoscopes were used, minimal complications or mortality due to thoracoscopy were observed up to 28 days after the procedure. Videoscopes were as safe and easy to use as endoscopes, but endoscopes provided better image quality. Conclusion: This study provides the first field evidence that thoracoscopy can be safe to explore BRD-diseased calves. These results justify a larger study to rigorously assess the diagnostic performance of the technique.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.323-328
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• 2016

Objectives: A clean India is the responsibility of all Indians. One of the objectives of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Initiative) is to bring about behavioural changes regarding healthy sanitation practices. While large-scale programs in India have increased latrine coverage, they have to some extent failed to bring behavioural changes ensuring optimal latrine use, including the safe disposal of child faeces, which is a significant source of exposure to faecal pathogens. Hence, this study was done to explore child faeces disposal practices in rural West Bengal and to elicit the determinants of unhygienic faeces disposal. Methods: Data collection was done using an interview method among the mothers of 502 under-5 children, following a pre-designed, semi-structured schedule during house-to-house visits in a set of villages in the Hooghly district of West Bengal. Results: The prevalence of unsafe disposal of child faeces was 72.4%, and maternal education, per capita income, and water source were found to be significantly associated with unsafe child faeces disposal. Conclusions: This study draws attention to the unsafe disposal of child faeces in this area of India and raises questions about the efficiency of sanitation campaigns in rural India that focus on expanding coverage rather than emphasizing behavioural changes, which are crucial to ensure the safe disposal of child faeces. Thus, it is urgently necessary to strengthen efforts focusing on behavioural changes regarding the safe disposal of child faeces in order to minimise adverse health outcomes.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.190-197
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• 2010

Background: Conventional spinal saddle block is performed with the patient in a sitting position, keeping the patient sitting for between 3 to 10 min after injection of a drug. This amount of time, however, is long enough to cause prolonged postoperative urinary retention. The trend in this block is to lower the dose of local anesthetics, providing a selective segmental block; however, an optimal dose and method are needed for adequate anesthesia in variable situations. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the question of whether only 1 min of sitting after drug injection would be sufficient and safe for minor anorectal surgery. Methods: Two hundred and sixteen patients undergoing minor anorectal surgery under spinal anesthesia remained sitting for 1 min after completion of subarachnoid administration of 1 ml of a 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solution (5 mg). They were then placed in the jack-knife position. After surgery, analgesia levels were assessed using loss of cold sensation in the supine position. The next day, urination and 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS) for postoperative pain were assessed. Results: None of the patients required additional analgesics during surgical manipulation. Postoperative sensory levels were T10 [T8-T12] in patients, and no significant differences were observed between sex (P = 0.857), height (P = 0.065), obesity (P = 0.873), or age (P = 0.138). Urinary retention developed in only 7 patients (3.2%). In this group, NRS was $5.0{\pm}2.4$ (P = 0.014). Conclusions: The one-minute sitting position for spinal saddle block before the jack-knife position is a safe method for use with minor anorectal surgery and can reduce development of postoperative urinary retention.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.361-368
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• 2019

Aid to Navigation (AtoN) is the artificial facilities to facilitate the ship's safe navigation using light, shape, color, sound, and radio waves. IALA has developed and operated the educational course for expert groups for the design, deployment, and management of AtoN. Also, maritime educational institutes have operated various educational courses for safe navigation through the ship's operation and ECDIS curriculum for seafarers. However, education using the AtoN Simulator System is needed to prevent marine accidents caused by misunderstanding of the AtoN according to various topographical, environmental, and maritime traffic environments. In this study, the existing ship handling simulator and AtoN simulator were applied to develop educational modules for accurate understanding and application of AtoN in various environments, enhancing the quality of education from the existing theoretical point of view and improving practical use to maximize educational efforts.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.271-278
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• 2015

We use various types of cryptographic algorithms for the protection of personal and sensitive informations in the application environments, such as an internet banking and an electronic commerce. However, recent researches were introduced that if we implement modes of operation, padding method and other cryptographic implementations in a wrong way, then the critical information can be leaked even though the underlying cryptographic algorithms are secure. Among these attacking techniques, the padding oracle attack is representative. In this paper, we analyze the possibility of padding oracle attacks of 12 kinds of padding techniques that can be applied to the CBC operation mode of a block cipher. As a result, we discovered that 3 kinds were safe padding techniques and 9 kinds were unsafe padding techniques. We propose 5 considerations when designing a safe padding techniques to have a resistance to the padding oracle attack through the analysis of three kinds of safe padding techniques.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.3 no.2 s.6
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• pp.131-136
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• 1995

In this paper, We explain the development of helicopter avation information system which provides the current location and other pre-saved informations in order to guarantee the safe aviation. The system we developed has the functions such as displaying digital map data and current location, route planning, displaying the rate of deviation, calculating and displaying the cross sectional view through the route and providing a real-time speed, heading and other informations. In this system, we use GPS to get the current location, made the 1:250,000 digital map to display the current location and made the cross sectional view from the DEM(Digital Elevation Mode)) data to help safe aviation. This system provides many kinds of route setting methods by using UTM coordinates, Lati. Longi, coordinates, database of heliport location, scanned map, etc., and displaying the heading and distance. Moreover, it also has a characteristic of providing a consistent user interface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.46-54
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• 2015

Nitrous oxide is known as green and safe propellant, and can be supplied by its own vapor pressure. So, many liquid propulsion research institutes and university laboratories use nitrous oxide as oxidizer of experimental liquid rocket engine. However, the unknown explosions occurred twice during hot fire experiments using subscale ethanol/nitrous oxide thruster. In this paper, we surmised that the explosions were caused by the decomposition of nitrous oxide in the injector body and the recondensation of nitrous oxide. Improvement and the safe handling methods are suggested.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2017

Nowadays, the most of commercial buildings are build-out with complex architecture and decorated with more complicated interiors of buildings so establishing intelligible escape routes becomes an important case of fire or other emergency in a limited time. The commercial buildings are already equipped with multiple exit signs and these exit signs may create confusion and leads the people into different directions under emergency. This can jeopardize the emergency situation into a chaotic state, especially in a complex layout buildings. There are many research focused on implementing different approached to improve the exit sign system with better visual navigating effects, such as the use of laser beams, the combination of audio and video cues, etc. However the digital signage system based emergency exit sign management is one of the best solution to guide people under emergency situations to escape. This research paper, propose an intelligent evacuation route GUIDE that uses the combination centralized Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and digital signage for people safety and avoids dangers from emergency conditions. This proposed system applies WSN to detect the environment condition in the building and uses an evacuation algorithm to estimate the safe route to escape using the sensor information and then activates the signage system to display the safe evacuation route instruction GUIDE according to the location the signage system is installed. This paper presented the prototype of the proposed signage system and execution time to find the route with future research directions. The proposed system provides a natural intelligent evacuation route interface for self or remote operation in facility management to efficiently GUIDE people to the safe exit under emergency conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.343-350
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• 2010

In the existing design of web server architecture, data encryption technique is used to keep the reliability, stability, and safety of web service. But the use of data encryption technique wastes the work of cpu while decreasing throughput of web server and increasing average response time so that it shows negative effect on the capacity of web application server. Also, the latest web applications require security and safety for the safe internet communication. Therefore, this paper suggests the improved web server which uses thread pool and Non-blocking I/O adding new web service modules to the existing web server for the safe web service, provides reliability and safety to show the safe web service capacity. And we compare and evaluate the safety and capacity through experiment on the existing traditional Tomcat based web server and the proposed system to evaluate the safety and capacity of the proposed web server system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2016

Electrical apparatuses for use in the presence of explosive gas atmospheres have to be special designed to prevent them from igniting the explosive gas. Flameproof design implies that electrical components producing electrical sparks are contained in enclosures and withstand the maximum pressure of internal gas or vapours. In addition, any gaps in the enclosure wall have to designed in such a way that they will not transmit a gas explosion inside the enclosure to an explosive gas or vapours atmosphere outside it. In this study, we explained some of the most important physical mechanism of Maximum Experimental Safe Gap(MESG) that the jet of combustion products ejected through the flame gap to the external surroundings do not have an energy and temperature large enough to initiate an ignition of external gas or vapours. We measured the MESG and maximum explosion pressure of propane and acetylene by the test method and procedure of IEC 60079-20-1:2010.When the minimum MESG is measured, the concentration of propane, acetylene in the air is higher than the stoichiometric point and their explosion pressure is the highest value.