• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.120-125
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• 2007

Background: Propofol has been used extensively for short-acting intravenous sedative agent during monitored anesthesia care (MAC). This study was designed to evaluate the safety and availability of MAC using propofol in implant surgery of the one-day admission patients. Methods: In this study, subjects were divided into two groups according to ASA physical status. The heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation and ECG of a patient were estimated under MAC by an anesthesiologist and the vital signs were recorded in recovery room periodically afterwards. The subjective satisfaction with regard to outpatient ambulatory surgery under MAC procedure was evaluated the next day. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly decreased during MAC in ASA I group, but other remarkable changes in vital sign were not observed. There was no significant difference in pain and anxiety level between ASA I and ASA II, III group. Satisfaction rate was high in both groups. Conclusion: Monitored-Anesthesia Care using propofol during implant surgery of the one-day admission patients might be safe and available procedure because heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation are stable before and during surgery, and adequate control of pain and anxiety is supported.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.292-298
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• 2008

Seoul Metro and Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corp. have started installing screen doors at subway platforms to improve the environment of subways and prevent passengers' accidents since 2006. They are still installing screen doors at subway platforms and Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporations in other areas are also proceeding with installment of screen doors or making preparations for it. Grounding is necessary for installing PSD systems. In case that PSD grounding is connected with existing electrical equipment grounding system, it was decided to install separate grounding for safe operation of PSD system and passenger safety. However, it's very difficult to install new grounding at the subway station compound. A way to improve this condition is that we proceed with grounding by composing grounding station by carbon grounding rod. This paper will mainly deal with how to design and construct carbon ground rod, which has been applied to PSD system grounding since 2006, including its experimental examples. In this paper, ways to secure ground resistance below 5 ohms, which is resistance necessary for PSD grounding, and to compose grounding system were also discussed. Furthermore, a ground test to check the ability to fulfill a role of PSD grounding system was conducted. As a result of applying carbon grounding module, PSD system is being operated without any problem and the installment of PSD system will be continuously expanded in the future. It's also thought that a way to integrate grounding of each functional room which has been installed at the subway station compound and to arrange equipotential grounding should be reviewed and performed promptly.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2020

본 연구는 단독주택에 설치된 단독경보형감지기의 성능을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 1층 주택 2개 및 2층 주택이 포함된 세 가지 유형의 주택을 대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. 주거 공간에서 경보음 발생에 따른 음압 레벨을 예측하기 위해 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 사용하였다. 시뮬레이션에 적용된 음원의 특성을 직접 측정하여 입력 데이터로 사용했다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 부엌과 거실에서의 음압레벨이 탐지기의 경보음이 발생했을 때 기준을 충족시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 침실에서의 음압레벨은 미국화재방지협회 기준인 75 dB(A)보다 최소 20 dB(A) 낮을 것으로 예상되었다. 따라서 주택 내부의 침실 공간에서 충분한 음압레벨을 유지하기 위한 계획을 수립해야 하며, 관련 표준을 제정하여 화재시 안전한 대피를 보장하기 위한 노력이 필요하다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1358-1364
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• 2016

Maritime accidents caused by a ship include collisions, sinking, stranding and fire etc. This study is intending to consider fire accidents among such diverse marine accidents. It is much likely that various sorts of fires break out because crewmen are living in a narrow space for long periods of time consequent on the ship's characteristic of sailing on the sea. According to the ship fire survey, about 50% of the total fire accidents occurred at an engine room, and the main fire origin was analyzed to be oil. In addition, ship fire breaks out in the order of baggage racks and living quarter. In short, the survey indicates that all sorts of fires belonging to A, B, C and D-class have occurred. This study, targeting an actual passenger ship 'A', found the response time to evacuation, during which the people on board a ship recognize the outbreak of fire, and act, and the travel time for evacuation which is the actual travel time. In addition, this study carried out a simulation through the special program for fire analysis - FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) in order to find the effective evacuation time, i.e. life survival time. Particularly, this study did comparative analysis of the influence on the survival of passengers and crew based on the collected simulation data by fire size and sort. As a result of the analysis, it was found that when examining the only actual evacuation movement time excepting the response time to evacuation, people are safe by completing evacuation before the effective evacuation time only in case fire size is 100Kw among all sorts of fires. In other words, in case of the outbreak of fire more than 1 MW, it was found to fail to meet evacuation safety regardless of fire size.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.139-151
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• 1978

This study is to observe the effects of nursing care according to change of position for comfort during labor and safe delivery of newborn infants and perturbment women. Fifty antepartal primipara with labor pain who were admitted to the delivery room of H University Medical Center from September 1, 1976 to November 15, 1976 (Estimate Delivery Confinement) were selected for this investigation. Among the 50 parturiencys, the experimental group (28 primipara) were placed in 30 degree upright sitting position and the control group (22 primipara) were placed in the supine position. following placement, both groups were observed. The summarized findings of the study were as follows; 1. There was a noticeably significant difference in the duration of the first stage of labor (defined as 4 cm. dilatation of the cervical os with the fetal presenting part engaged to full or 10 cm. dilatation) , between the two groups. For women in the 30 degree upright sitting position, the first stage of labor was close to 33.66 minutes shorter. than for the women in the supine position. (t : 32.79, D.F : 48, p<0.0,i) 2. Although slight differences were observed between the Apgar Scores of the newborn infants of primipara in the two groups, these were not significant. The mean Apgar Score among the newborn infants of primipara in the 30 degree upright sitting position was 9.64 compared with 9.04 for the newborn infants of primipara in the supine position, a difference of 0.6. (x$^2$= 2.44, D.F : 2, p〉0.05) 3. There was a significant difference in the conformability of the perturbment women between the two groups because the shortened duration of the first stage and the high level of comfort score calculated for six factors (body activity, serving bed pan, serving kidney basin, pushing, deep breathing and perturbment women's feelings), that affect nursing care.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2003

Statement of Problem: The residual monomer of denture base materials causes hypersensitivity on oral mucosa and intereferes with the mechanical properties of the cured resin. The amount of residual monomer is influenced by materials, curing cycle, processing method, and etc. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the residual methyl methacrylate(MMA) content of injection molded denture base polymer, and to compare this with the self-cured resin and the conventional compression molded heat-cured resin. Materials and Methods: Disc shaped test specimens (50mm in diameter and 3mm thick) were prepared in a conventional flasking technique with gypsum molding. One autopolymerized denture base resins (Vertex Sc. Dentimex. Netherlands) and two heat-cured denture base resins (Vertex RS. Dentimex. Netherlands, Ivocap. Ivoclar Vivadent, USA) were used. The three types of specimens were processed according to the manufacturer's instruction. After polymerization, all specimens were stored in the dark at room temperature for 7 days. There were 10 specimens in each of the test groups. 3-mm twist drills were used to obtain the resin samples and 650mg of the drilled sample were collected for each estimation. Gas chromatography (Agillent 6890 Plus Gas Chromatograph, Agillent Co, USA) was used to determine the residual MMA content of 10 test specimens of each three types of polymer. Results: The residual monomer content of injection molded denture base resins was $1.057{\pm}0.141%$. The residual monomer content of injection molded denture base resins was higher than that of compression molded heat cured resin ($0.867{\pm}0.169%$). However, there was no statistical significant difference between two groups (p>0.01). The level of residual monomer in self cured resin($3.675{\pm}0.791$) was higher than those of injection molded and compression molded heat cured resins (p<0.01). Conclusion: With respect to ISO specification pass / fail test (2.2% mass fraction) of residual monomer, injection molding technique($1.057{\pm}0.141%$) is a clinically useful and safe technique in terms of residual monomer.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2018

본 연구를 통하여 반도체 FPD 제조설비 및 클린룸에 관련한 설비의 위험성분석과 그에 대한 근원적인 안전대책을 연구하고, 설비 및 환경의 특수성을 고려한 방폭 설계 모델링화를 검토하여 관련 설비의 설계 및 제작에 기술적인 기준과 근거로 활용하고자 하며, 아래와 같은 성과로서 향후 반도체 FPD 산업의 기술적 기준 수립 및 관련 산업에 기여할 것으로 생각한다. 1) 관련 국제 기술규격과 법령, 설비의 특성을 반영한 FAB 장비의 최적화된 폭발위험장소의 모델링 도출 2) FAB 장비 및 클린 룸의 특성을 고려한 위험설비의 안전성 확보 (Fool-Proof와 Fail Safe)를 위한 안전시스템 구축방안과 안전기준 및 대책 도출 3) 향후 FAB 장비의 방폭 설계에 대한 가장 효율적인 기준 적용을 통한 신규 FAB 장비의 방폭 성능의 유연성 확보하고 수립된 안전기준을 통한 설비와 안전시스템의 신뢰성 검증 절차 운영을 위한 "안전인증제도"의 자율적 향상화.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제13C권7호
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• pp.913-922
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• 2006

주파수공용통신(TRS: Trunked Radio Service)이란 무선통신을 하는 사람이 특정한 주파수를 이용하던 종래의 무선통신방식과는 달리 중계소에 할당된 소수의 주파수를 다수의 이용자가 공동으로 사용하는 방식을 말한다. TRS 시스템의 가장 큰 특징은 일대 다수의 그룹 및 지령 통신방식이다. TRS 시스템의 구성은 여러 개의 그룹으로 구성되며, 각 그룹은 업무내용에 관련된 유사한 목적을 가진 사용자들의 단말기로 구성된다. 위와 같은 여러 목적에 따라 다양한 형태의 연결이나 그룹 통신이 이뤄질 경우, 여러 가지 형태의 공격에 노출될 수 있으며, 대규모 통신을 위한 키 분배 혹은 설정에 많은 문제점을 가질 수 있다. 본고에서는 TRS 상에서 안전한.통신을 수행하는데 있어 필수 요소인 그룹 키 분배방식을 고찰하며, 통신 횟수를 줄이면서도 참여자 인증을 수행할 수 있는 효율적인 그룹 키 분배 방식을 제안하였다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.76-85
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• 2015

Objectives: Radix Ginseng has been traditionally used as an adaptogen that acts on the adrenal cortex and stimulates or relaxes the nervous system to restore emotional and physical balance and to improve well-being in cases of degenerative disease and/or old age. Radix Ginseng has been used for a long time, but the safety of ginseng pharmacopuncture needs testing. This study was done to analyze the single-dose toxicity of water- soluble ginseng pharmacopuncture (GP) intramuscular injections in rats. Methods: All experiments were performed at Biotoxtech, an institution authorized to perform non clinical studies under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Each group contained 10 Sprague-Dawley rats, 5 males and 5 females. GP was prepared in a sterile room at the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute under regulations of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). GP dosages were 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL for the experimental groups; normal saline was administered to the control group. The animals general condition was examined daily for 14 days, and the rats were weighed on the starting day and at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration of the pharmacopuncture. Hematological and biochemistry tests and autopsies were done to test the toxicological effect of GP after 14 days. This study was performed with approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Biotextech. Results: No deaths were found in this single-dose toxicity test of intramuscular injections of GP, and no significant changes in the general conditions, body weights, hematological and biochemistry tests, and autopsies were observed. The local injection site showed no changes. Based on these results, the lethal dose was assumed to be over 1.0 mL/animal in both sexes. Conclusion: These results suggest that GP is relatively safe. Further studies, including a repeated toxicity test, are needed to provide more concrete evidence for the safety of GP.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyze the single-dose toxicity of ShinYangHur (SYH) herbal acupuncture injected into the muscles of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The SYH herbal acupuncture was made in a clean room at the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute (KPI, Korea-Good Manufacturing Practice, K-GMP). After the mixing process with sterile distilled water, the pH was controlled to between 7.0 and 7.5. Then, NaCl was added to make a 0.9% isotonic solution by using sterilized equipment. All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech, an institution authorized to perform non clinical studies under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). SD rats were chosen for the pilot study. Doses of SYH herbal acupuncture, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mL, were administered to the experimental groups, and a dose of normal saline solution, 1.0 mL, was administered to the control group. This study was conducted under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: No deaths or abnormalities occurred in any of the four groups. No significant changes in weight, hematological parameters or clinical chemistry between the control group and the experimental groups were observed. To check for abnormalities in organs and tissues, we used microscopy was used to examine representative histological sections of each specified organ; the results showed no significant differences in any of the organs or tissues. Conclusion: The above outcomes suggest that treatment with SYH herbal acupuncture is relatively safe. Further studies on this subject are needed to yield more concrete evidence.