• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2023

Objective: In this study, metabolites that changed in the rumen fluid, urine and feces of dairy cows fed different feed ratios were investigated. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were used in this study. Rumen fluid, urine, and feces were collected from the normal concentrate diet (NCD) (Italian ryegrass 80%: concentrate 20% in the total feed) and high concentrate diet (HCD) groups (20%: 80%) of dairy cows. Metabolite analysis was performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) identification, and statistical analysis was performed using Chenomx NMR software 8.4 and Metaboanalyst 4.0. Results: The two groups of rumen fluid and urine samples were separated, and samples from the same group were aggregated together. On the other hand, the feces samples were not separated and showed similar tendencies between the two groups. In total, 160, 177, and 188 metabolites were identified in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces, respectively. The differential metabolites with low and high concentrations were 15 and 49, 14 and 16, and 2 and 2 in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces samples, in the NCD group. Conclusion: As HCD is related to rumen microbial changes, research on different metabolites such as glucuronate, acetylsalicylate, histidine, and O-Acetylcarnitine, which are related to bacterial degradation and metabolism, will need to be carried out in future studies along with microbial analysis. In urine, the identified metabolites, such as gallate, syringate, and vanillate can provide insight into microbial, metabolic, and feed parameters that cause changes depending on the feed rate. Additionally, it is thought that they can be used as potential biomarkers for further research on subacute ruminal acidosis.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1535-1544
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of decreasing dietary crude protein content on rumen fermentation, mictobiota, and metabolites in goats. Methods: In an 84-day feeding trial, a total of twelve male Anhui white goat kids with initial body weight 15.9±1.13 kg were selected and randomly classified into two groups, feeding a normal crude protein diet (14.8% CP, NCP) or a low crude protein diet (12.0% CP, LCP). At the end of the experimental trial (on day 84), six animals were randomly selected from each group and were slaughtered to collect rumen fluid samples for the analysis of rumen fermentation parameters, microbiome, and metabolome. Results: The concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, total volatile fatty acid, acetate, and propionate were decreased (p<0.05) in the LCP group in comparison with those in the NCP group. The abundances of genera Prevotella, Campylobacter, Synergistetes, and TG5, which were associated with nitrogen metabolism, were lower (p<0.05) in the LCP group compared with those in the NCP group. The levels of 78 metabolites (74 decreased, 4 increased) in the rumen fluid were altered (p<0.05) by the treatment. Most of the ruminal metabolites that showed decreased levels in the LCP group were substrates for microbial protein synthesis. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly different (p<0.05) in rumen fluid between the two treatments. Conclusion: Decreased dietary protein level inhibited rumen fermentation through microbiome and metabolome shifts in goat kids. These results enhance our understanding of ruminal bacteria and metabolites of goat fed a low protein diet.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.655-667
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of a hydroethanolic extract of walnut green husks (WGH) on rumen fermentation and the diversity of bacteria, methanogenic archaea, and fungi in sheep fed a high-concentrate diet. Methods: Five healthy small-tailed Han ewes with permanent rumen fistula were selected and housed in individual pens. This study adopted a self-controlled and crossover design with a control period and an experimental period. During the control period, the animals were fed a basal diet (with a ratio of concentrate to roughage of 65:35), while during the treatment period, the animals were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% hydroethanolic extract of WGH. Fermentation parameters, digestive enzyme activities, and microbial diversity in rumen fluid were analyzed. Results: Supplementation of hydroethanolic extract of WGH had no significant effect on feed intake, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, isovalerate, ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein (p>0.05). However, the ruminal pH, concentrations of acetate, butyrate and isobutyrate, the ratio of acetate to propionate, protozoa count, and the activities of filter paper cellulase and cellobiase were significantly increased (p<0.05), while concentrations of propionate and valerate were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the relative abundance of rumen bacteria Christensenellaceae R7 group, Saccharofermentans, and Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group were significantly increased, while Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, Prevotella 7 were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The relative abundance of the fungus Pseudomonas significantly increased, while Basidiomycota, Fusarium, and Alternaria significantly decreased (p<0.05). However, there was no significant change in the community structure of methanogenic archaea. Conclusion: Supplementation of hydroethanolic extract of WGH to a high-concentrate diet improved the ruminal fermentation, altered the structure of ruminal bacterial and fungal communities, and exhibited beneficial effects in alleviating subacute rumen acidosis of sheep.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 1995

Streptococci and enterococci, isolates from the rumen content of mouflons and European bisons were isolated. The total counts of these species reached the values(log 10 ${\pm}$ S.E.M.) $7.3{\pm}0.21$; $6.1{\pm}0.06$ bacteria per one ml of the rumen content in streptococci and $3.6{\pm}0.20$; $3.17{\pm}0.18$ bacteria per one ml of the rumen content in enterococci, Strains isolated were allotted to te species Streptococcus bovis(AM1, AM2, AM3, AM4), Enterococcus faecium(EH1, EFG2, EC3) and Enterococcus faecalis (EFA1, EFD2). Bactera presented belong to the strains with low urease and ${\alpha}$-amylase activities. The majority of isolates were polyresistant. Each strain produced bacteriocin - like substance with effect against at least of one of relatives species as indicators used. The most of inhibition zones were hazy with the width 2-6 mm in diameter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1996

In this Experiment three wether male Matou goats (♂), all fitted with permanent rumen fistulae, were used to study the rumen degradabilities (incubation time 48h) of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent ligin (ADL), cellulose (CEL) and hemicellulose (HC) and their contents of wheat and rice straws were determined for the different morphological fractions and segments. The results showed that the variation of different fractions for wheat and rice straw is the true resources of their nutritive value variation and the cell wall contents of wheat and rice straw are also obviously different. The rumen degradabilities of different straw fibre are significantly different (p<0.01), mean while the effect of straw variety is also significant (p<0.05). The aim was to set up a foundation for studying the rumen degradation of the roughage resources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.219-222
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• 1988

Degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA) by cell-free extract of mixed rumen protozoa of buffalo rumen was investigated. DNA was observed to be degraded rapidly during an initial incubation period of 2 hr with simultaneous appearance of degradation products. RNA on the other hand recorded a rapid degradation during an initial incubation period of 1 hr. RNA degradation products appeared upto an incubation period of 2 hr. DNA was observed to degrade into oligo- and mononucleotides. pyrimidine nucleosides, purine nucleoside adenosine and bases xanthine, hypoxanthine and thymine. Degradation products of RNA comprised of pyrimidine nucleosides, purine nucleoside, adenosine and bases xanthine, hypoxanthine and uracil besides oligo- and mononucleotides.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-3
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• 2001

This study was conducted to increase the content of taurine in milk from the dairy cows fed the rumen protected DL-methionine matrix and methionie hydroxy analog matrix for 42days. Dairy cows fed rumen protected DL-methionine matrix showed 23% increased milk taurine concentration compared to the value of the control groups. Dairy cows fed rumen protected methionine hydroxy analog matrix showed 53% increased milk taurine concentration compared to the value for the control groups (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 1994

The metabolic fate of methionine in rumen bacteria was studied by intraruminal administration of $^{15}N$ and $1-^{13}C$ labeled methionine in goats. Time course changes in isotopic abundance of amino acids in the rumen bacteria were determined with a computer-controlled gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer. The results from the transition of peak isotopic abundance in amino acids indicated that in rumen bacteria the $^{15}N$ or $^{13}C$ isotope in the methionine molecule was transferred rapidly to into bacteria, methionine administered intraruminally may not be retained as it is, but would be converted quickly to other metabolites in the bacteria.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2_spc
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• pp.385-395
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• 2024

Ruminal ciliates are a fundamental constituent within the rumen microbiome of ruminant animals. The complex interactions between ruminal ciliates and other microbial guilds within the rumen ecosystems are of paramount importance for facilitating the digestion and fermentation processes of ingested feed components. This review underscores the significance of ruminal ciliates by exploring their impact on key factors, such as methane production, nitrogen utilization efficiency, feed efficiency, and other animal performance measurements. Various methods are employed in the study of ruminal ciliates including culture techniques and molecular approaches. This review highlights the pressing need for further investigations to discern the distinct roles of various ciliate species, particularly relating to methane mitigation and the enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency. The promotion of establishing robust reference databases tailored specifically to ruminal ciliates is encouraged, alongside the utilization of genomics and transcriptomics that can highlight their functional contributions to the rumen microbiome. Collectively, the progressive advancement in knowledge concerning ruminal ciliates and their inherent biological significance will be helpful in the pursuit of optimizing rumen functionality and refining animal production outcomes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1482-1486
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• 2003

In order to compare effects of feeding systems on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestion, steers were fed either total mixed ration (TMR) or separate concentrate-roughage ration (CR). Total tract digestibility of nutrients was higher in steers receiving TMR. Especially, DM, ADF and NDF in TMR were digested to a greater extent than those in CR. Rumen pH was not influenced by the feeding systems. Holstein steers on TMR had higher ruminal $NH_3$-N than those on CR. Feeding system did not alter VFA production but TMR feeding resulted in lower A/P ratio. TMR feeding tended to increase the number of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen fluid. Also steers fed TMR generally had higher fiber degrading enzyme activities, which might be the result of increased number of cellulolytic microbes in the rumen of animals on TMR. Our results indicate that TMR may provide more favorable condition for nutrient digestion both in the rumen and in the total tract of steers.