• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.812-818
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• 2009

This study evaluated the effects of live yeast and yeast cell-wall mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation onperformance and nutrient digestibility during early lactation in cows fed a diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa hay as forage sources. Eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows (average days in milk, 27${\pm}$6) were used in a replicated 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Diets contained 45% forage and 55% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis and treatments were: i) basal diet without additive (Control), ii) basal diet with 32 g/d of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), iii) basal diet with $1.2{\times}10^{10}$ colony forming units per day (cfu/d) of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM 1-1077; SC), and iv) basal diet with a mixture of MOS (32 g/d) and SC ($1.2{\times}10^{10}$ cfu/d; MOS+SC). Treatments had no effect (p>0.05) on DM intake and yields of milk, 3.5% fat-(FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM), and on milk fat percentage, body condition score and blood metabolites. Compared with the Control, only supplementation of SC resulted in numerically higher yields of FCM (41.9 vs. 40.1 kg/d) and ECM (41.8 vs. 40.3 kg/d), and milk fat percentage (3.64 vs. 3.43%). While the MOS diet had no effects on performance compared to the Control, the combination treatment MOS+SC increased milk protein percentage (p<0.05). Also, the MOS supplementation, both alone or in combination with SC, numerically increased milk fat percentage. The SC supplementation increased apparent digestibility of DM and crude protein while the MOS supplementation did not affect digestibility. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ruminal pH were similar across treatments. Overall results indicated that supplementation of MOS produced variable and inconsistent effects on rumen metabolism and performance, whereas SC supplementation improved nutrient digestibility and numerically increased FCM and ECM yields, which could not be enhanced by the combined supplementation of MOS+SC. According to our experimental condition, there was no effect of MOS alone or in combination with SC on dairy cow performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.929-939
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• 2011

The effects of micronization on in situ and in vitro nutrient disappearances of wheat, barley and corn were investigated in a series of experiments. In Experiment 1, chemical composition and in situ dry matter disappearance (DMD) of six varieties of wheat were determined. In addition, an in vitro study was completed using ground micronized and unmicronized wheat (var. Kansas). In Experiment 2, three varieties of wheat (Kansas, Sceptre and Laura) and in Experiment 3, three cereal grains (wheat, barley and corn) were either micronized for 1 min to attain internal kernel temperatures of 90-100$^{\circ}C$ or not (controls), and DM, protein and starch disappearances were estimated. In Experiment 2, an in vitro study was also completed using ground micronized and unmicronized wheat (var. Kansas). Wheat samples varied with respect to crude protein (10.0-21.2%), starch (61.6-73.9%), NDF (8.5-11.8%), volume weight (753-842 g/L) and kernel hardness (0.0-32.0). Rate (p = 0.003) and extent (p = 0.001) of in situ DMD differed among wheat varieties. Correlations between in situ kinetics, and chemical and physical properties of wheat varieties showed that protein content was negatively correlated with the rate of disappearance ($r^2$ = -0.77). Micronization of all grains markedly reduced (p = 0.001) the rate and extent of DM, and protein disappearances as compared to control samples. Micronization increased (p<0.05) the digestion of starch in wheat. However, release of ammonia into the incubation medium was markedly reduced (p<0.05), suggesting that micronization increased the resistance of protein to microbial digestion. Disappearances of DM, protein and starch differed (p = 0.001) among cereal grains with wheat>barley>corn. Micronization reduced the rate of DM disappearance (p = 0.011) and slowly degradable protein fractions (p = 0.03), however, increased (p = 0.004) slowly degradable starch fractions of all three cereals. Examination of in situ samples by scanning electron microscopy confirmed that microbial colonization focused on starch granules in micronized grains, and that the protein matrix exhibited resistance to microbial colonization. These results suggest that micronization may be used to increase the ruminal escape value of protein in cereal grains, but may lead to increased starch digestion if grains are finely ground.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2004

농후사료와 조사료의 비율이 한우의 반추행동, 저작시간 및 저작빈도에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여, 반추위 누관이 장착되고, 턱 주위에 트랜스듀서가 설치된 한우 성우 5두를 공시하였다. 사료는 농후사료와 볏짚의 급여비율을 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30, 80 : 20과 90 : 10으로 급여하면서 사료섭취와 반추행동의 변화를 조사하였다. 사료 중 조사료의 비율을 전체 건물량의 10, 20, 30, 40과 50%로 증가시켰으F 때 일일 총 저작시간은 286.99분에서 423.30분/일로 직선적으로 증가하였는데, 이것은 반추시간이 204.91에서 342.80분/일로 증가한 것에 주로 기인하였다. 그러나 농후사료의 급여수준에 따른 사료 섭취 시간의 차이는 없었으며, 일일 반추시 저작횟수와 반추당 저작횟수는 농후사료의 급여 비율의 증가에 의하여 감소되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2004

본 연구는 한우에 급여하는 저질 조사료 원 이 반추시간 및 빈도, 저작시간 및 저작빈도에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 시험사료는 농후사료 + 볏짚(50:50), 농후사료 + 볏짚 + 팽연왕겨(50:35:15), 농후사료+ 볏짚 + 분쇄왕겨(50:35:15)을 사용하였다. 농후사료 + 볏짚(50:50), 농후사료+ 볏짚 + 팽연왕겨(50:35:15) 및 농후사료+ 볏짚+분쇄왕겨(50:35:15)를 섭취한 한우의 사료섭취 및 반추시간은 각각 78.8과 338.4, 98.0과 362.5, 그리고 160과 519.2minld이었다. 벗짚의 30%를 팽연왕겨나 분쇄왕겨로 대체하였올 때 사료섭취 및 반추시간이 유의하게 증가하였으며 (p<0.05), 1일 반추시 총 저작횟수와 본당 저작횟수는 팽연왕겨와 분쇄왕겨를 급여하였올 때 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 또한 일일 총 반추식괴수와 반추분당 식괴수도 팽연왕겨와 분쇄왕겨를 급여할 때에 감소되었지만, 식괴당 저작시간과 저작횟수는 증가되었다(p<0.05). 이러한 결과는 볏짚과는 다른 물리척 폭성을 행연왕겨와 분쇄왕겨가 갖고 있고, 왕겨의 조사료적인 가치는 왕겨가 갖고 있는 물리척인 유효성에 의하여 반추위가 자극펀 결과에 의한 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2009

본 연구는 인공섬유질의 투여가 거세한우의 발육, 사료 섭취량 및 도체특성 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험구 배치는 체중 $368.3\pm20.3kg$의 거세한 우를 반추위내 인공섬유질 무투여구(대조구), 3개 투여구(T1) 및 5개 투여구(T2)의 3처리로 하여 각 처리당 12두씩 총 36두를 완전 임의배치하였다. 처리간 일당증체량, 사료 섭취량 및 사료요구율의 차이는 없었다. 반추위 융모의 수는 대조구에 비해 인공섬유질 투여구에서 많은 경향을 보였으나(p>0.05), 통계적인 유의차이는 없었다. 융모의 길이는 인공섬유질 5개 투여구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 길었다(p<0.05). 분 배설량은 인공섬유질 3개 투여로 인해 감소되는 경향을 보였다(p>0.05). 처리간 배최장근단면적, 등지방두께, 근내지방도, 육색 및 지방색의 차이는 없었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과에서 거세한우에 대한 인공섬유질의 투여는 융모의 발달과 분 배설량 감소에 도움이 되는 것으로 판단되며, 발육, 사료섭취량, 도체특성에 미치는 부의 영향은 없는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.735-746
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro greenhouse gas mitigation activities of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Seven starter cultures were used, comprising four of lactic acid bacteria and three of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ten grams of S. baicalensis Georgi powder was diluted in 90 mL autoclaved MRS broth. Each seed culture was inoculated with 3-10% (v/v) S. baicalensis Georgi MRS broth and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Among the starter cultures used, only Lactobacillus plantarum EJ43 could withstand the fermentation conditions. This fermentation broth was dried and extracted with ethanol to assess its antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro methane mitigation activities. The extract of S. baicalensis Georgi fermented by L. plantarum EJ43 (SBLp) showed higher antibacterial activity (bigger clear zone) compared to the unfermented S. baicalensis Georgi extract (SB0). SBLp also presented 1.2 folds higher antioxidant activity than SB0. During in vitro rumen fermentation, SBLp showed reduction in methane production compared to SB0 or the control. In conclusion, fermentation by L. plantarum EJ43 may enhance antibacterial and antioxidant activities of S. baicalensis Georgi and decrease enteric methane production.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.107-111
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• 1988

한국산 쌍구흡충의 계통분류를 하기 위한 연구치 일환으로 한우로부터 코볼드쌍구흡충(Fisthoederius robbozdi)을 채집한 다음 정소부위를 colchicine으로 단시간 처리하는 자연건조법을 응용하여 핵형을 분석하였다. 코볼드쌍구흡충 총 315개체의 생식세포에 대하여 염색체수를 조사한 바 n=9, 2n=18이었으며, 1,904개의 반수체성 중기염색체와 49개의 이배체성 중기염색체를 확인하였다. 이배체성 중기염색체는 7쌍의 중형염색체와 2쌍의 소형염색체로 구성되어 있었고, 반수체성 염색체는 중형 7개와 소형 2개로 구성되어 있었다. 동원체지수는 3번 염색체가 40.4%로서 9쌍중에서 동원체가 염색체의 가장 중앙부위에 위치하는 중부착사 염색체이었으며, 그 나머지의 것들은 32.4∼40.0%이었다. 분염법(C-banding)에 의한 생식세포의 반수체성 염색체는 핵형을 구성하는 이염색질이 거의 모든 염색체의 동원체 부위에 존재하였지만, 1번 염색체는 염색체 첨단에 이염색질이 농염되어 있었으며 .4, 6, 8번 염색체의 이염색질은 크고 진하게 관찰되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of activated carbon (AC) on growth, ruminal charateristics, blood profiles and feed digestibility in sheep, using roughage-based or concentrate-based diets. Twelve Suffolk breed of sheep of similar age and weight were distributed into 4 groups in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design. Two groups were fed a roughage-based diet with (R + AC) and without AC (R - AC), while the other two were fed a concentrate-based diet with (C + AC) and without AC (C - AC), respectively. The addition of 0.3% AC was based on dry matter of feed offered to animals. The incorporation of AC in roughage and concentrate based diets had no marked effects on feed intake, daily gain and feed conversion of the animals within experimental diets. The results obtained might be due to the low level of AC added in the diet. The animal on both concentrate-based diets were higher than the roughage-based diets in terms of daily gain and feed conversion ratio. However, it was observed that the animals provided with AC in the concentrate-based diet did not suffer from diarrhea and easily adjusted to high concentrate feeding. Further, the pH value for all diets before feeding was noted to be similar. After feeding, however, pH was shown to be higher in R + AC (p < 0.05) than in C + AC diet. Rumen protozoa number was decreased after feeding for both + AC diets, but in C - AC diet it was higher than in the roughage-based diets. For ammonia-nitrogen, C - AC was found to be higher than C + AC diet and the roughage-based diets before feeding. Total volatile fatty acid concentration, propionate and valerate molar ratios for both diets and time of collection were not affected. However, acetate, butyrate and valerate molar ratios were observed to be affected by diets and time of collections. The diets with AC increased (p < 0.05) before feeding for acetate molar ratio, but not different within diet, however, the roughage diets were found to be higher (p < 0.05) in acetate than the concentrate diet. In the blood parameters, the glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), red and white blood cell (RBC, WBC) counts and packed cell volume (PCV) did not differ within and among the diets. Likewise, the WBC differential count in both diets with either - AC or + AC were similar in trend. However, lymphocyte count was noted to be increased in R + AC than the R - AC diet. The addition of AC in both diets did not affect nutrient digestibilities within diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1049-1056
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• 2007

This study was conducted to compare the methane ($CH_4$) production estimated by in vivo (sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique ($SF_6$)) with that of two in vitro rumen simulation (RUSITEC) and gas production (IVGPT)) techniques. Four adult dry Holstein cows, aged $7.4{\pm}3.0$ years and weighing $697{\pm}70$ kg, were used for measuring methane production from five diets by the $SF_6$ technique. The experimental diets were alfalfa hay ($D_1$), corn silage + soybean meal (SBM) (910: 90, $D_2$), Italian rye grass hay +SBM (920: 80, $D_3$), rice straw +SBM (910: 90, $D_4$) and Sudan grass hay +SBM (920: 80, $D_5$). Each diet was individually fed to all 4 cows and 5 feeding studies of 17 d each were conducted to measure the methane production. In the RUSITEC, methane production was measured from triplicate vessels for each diet .In vitro gas production was measured for each of the diets in triplicate syringes. The gas produced after 24 and 48 h was recorded and gas samples were collected in vacuum vials and the methane production was calculated after correction for standard temperature and pressure (STP). Compared to the $SF_6$ technique, estimates of methane production using the RUSITEC were lower for all diets. Methane production estimated from 24 h in vitro gas production was higher (p<0.001) on $D_1$ as compared to that measured by $SF_6$, whereas on $D_2$ to $D_5$ it was lower. Compared to $SF_6$, methane production estimated from 48 h in vitro gas production was higher on all diets. However, methane estimated from the mean of the two measurement intervals (24+48 h/2) in IVGPT was very close to that of $SF_6$ (correlation 0.98), except on $D_1$. The results of our study confirmed that IVGPT is reflective of in vivo conditions, so that it could be used to generate a database on methane production potential of various ruminant diets and to examine strategies to modify methane emissions by ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2016

The goats raised in the barn are usually fed on fresh grass. As dry forage can be stored for long periods in large amounts, dry forage feeding makes it possible to feed large numbers of goats in barns. This review explains the physiological factors involved in suppressing dry forage intake and the cause of drinking following dry forage feeding. Ruminants consume an enormous amount of dry forage in a short time. Eating rates of dry forage rapidly decreased in the first 40 min of feeding and subsequently declined gradually to low states in the remaining time of the feeding period. Saliva in large-type goats is secreted in large volume during the first hour after the commencement of dry forage feeding. It was elucidated that the marked suppression of dry forage intake during the first hour was caused by a feeding-induced hypovolemia and the loss of $NaHCO_3$ due to excessive salivation during the initial stages of dry forage feeding. On the other hand, it was indicated that the marked decrease in feed intake observed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period was related to ruminal distension caused by the feed consumed and the copious amount of saliva secreted during dry forage feeding. In addition, results indicate that the marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding. After 40 min of the 2 h dry forage feeding period, the feed salt content is absorbed into the rumen and plasma osmolality increases. The combined effects of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality accounted for 77.6% of the suppression of dry forage intake 40 min after the start of dry forage feeding. The results indicate that ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality are the main physiological factors in suppression of dry forage intake in large-type goats. There was very little drinking behavior observed during the first hour of the 2 h feeding period most water consumption occurring in the second hour. The cause of this thirst sensation during the second hour of dry forage feeding period was not hypovolemia brought about by excessive salivation, but rather increases in plasma osmolality due to the ruminal absorption of salt from the consumed feed. This suggests the water intake following dry forage feeding is determined by the level of salt content in the feed.