• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 2003

In August 1998, during the resumed fourth session of the Authority, the delegation of the Russian Federation reminded the Assembly that, in addition to polymetallic nodules, other mineral resources existed in the Area, including polymetallic sulphides and cobalt crusts, and requested the Authority to adopt rules, regulations and procedures for exploration for such resources. Pursuant to article 162, para. 2(o)(ii), of the 1982 UNCLOS, such rules, regulations and procedures are to be adopted within three years of the date of such a request. This article reviewed the 'Draft Rules and Regulations for the Exploration and Exploitation of Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides and Cobat-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area' by ISA in 2001, and the 'Madang Guideline for Offshore Mineral Policy' written in 1999 in respect of the international trends of polymetallic sulphides and cobalt crusts. Issues for size of mining area and relinquishment, application of the site-banking system, procedure for dealing with overlapping claims and precautionary approach etc. for the establishment of the norm of polymetallic sulphides and cobalt crusts are reviewed as consideration factors.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.119-134
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to expound the packaging framework system(PFS) under international trade rules. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzed packaging framework system and packaging regulations and technical standards in international regulations and major countries and classified these in some standards Findings - First, the study provides packaging provisions associated with packaging regulations and technical standards (PRTS). Then, the basis of PFS in international trade rules was proposed; it is believed that the PFS was composed of packaging legal system in WTO institutional framework (WTO-PLS), international organization packaging standard system (IO-PSS) and major countries or regions packaging regulatory system (MCR-PRS). Secondly, this paper expounded relations and legal characteristics of the three packaging systems. Finally, This study investigated PRTS coverage under technical barriers to trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS). Research implications or Originality - The regulations associated with PRTS have played a key role in challenges to merchandise trade in international trade. This study has significance in classifying packaging related reticulations into several criteria unlike previous studies. Therefore it is hope that this study can provide a supplementary document for the existing research of PRTS.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.823-829
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• 2010

Railway is facing a new era by the remarkable technology-intensive development of railways in the rolling stock and track, trains and infrastructure facilities. But the relevant provisions of the regulations for the various driving speed limit accept most of the past rules and it is desperately needed to realize the efficiency of the train operation. In addition, because the rules that drive too many treats of redundancy(the same information is duplicated in the other company policy provisions), they can cause confusion among employees, and also because of the contents of the detailed provisions dealing with almost same regulations, they can cause probable failure and big accident. In this study, the relevant provisions of the current rules are analyzed and overcome problems to improve efficiency and duplicated contents of relevant provisions to drive trains are merged. Also by reorganization of complex speed limits, we can understand easily when even the unusual situation and make a simple decision to prevent accidents. As a result, we can establish the system by doing subsequent actions quickly and accurately.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.130-142
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• 2017

Objectives: Although the Korean government is able to implement smoke-free regulations for shared areas in multi-unit housing (MUH), such regulations are limited for private homes. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of support for the implementation of smoke-free regulations for homes and near the outsides of building among residents in MUH. Methods: A population-based sample of 2,600 residents among a web-based panel in Seoul was included. The residents completed questionnaires including smoking status, voluntary smoke-free home rules, and support for the implementation of smoke-free regulations for homes and near the outsides of building. The presence of a voluntary smoke-free home rule was determined when residents declared that no one smoked inside their homes. Results: Among the 2,600 MUH residents, prevalence of support for the implementation of smoke-free regulations for homes was higher (83.2%) than for near the outsides of buildings (75.1%). Support for the implementation of smoke-free regulations for homes was higher when residents were non-smokers, had voluntary smoke-free home rules, lived with children, lived with more residents, lived in owned homes, lived in apartments, and lived in homes with more frequent secondhand smoke (SHS) incursion. Support for the implementation of smoke-free regulations near the outsides of buildings was higher when residents were women, non-smokers, more educated, had a voluntary smoke-free home rule, lived with children, lived in homes with more frequent SHS incursion, and lived in a commercial area. Conclusions: The majority was supportive of the implementation of smoke-free regulations for homes. Predictors identified in the study can be useful for promoting implementation of smoke-free regulations for homes in MUH.

• JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL WORLD
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• no.10 s.82
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• pp.28-32
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• 1983

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to find a way to improve damaged forest in rural area in terms of both landscape . quality and regulation. Mountain and forest cover 65% of total land in Korea, and the shortage of areas for developing housing, road and facilities made us to use forest area for above purposes. This led various types of damages on the sensitive rural landscape visually and ecologically. There are rules and regulations for decreasing damaging effect by constructions on forest area, but it was not so effective because theses rules focused on quantitative issues only. This study will consist of three phases, 1. analyse landscape damage types by development tendencies in forest area 2. find diminution plan on each damage types 3. set improvement on rules and regulations both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study will meet the goal of improving and managing rural and forest landscape by providing objective standards, rational procedure and amelioration plan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.41-59
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• 2001

Recently, as the coastal trading is being increased rapidly, risk of collision being increased especially in the coastal route near around the port of Wando. In this paper, with the reference to various literatures and papers on collision avoidance rules, the navigational rules and regulations for the coastal area-especially for the narrow channel-are construed and introduced in brief. Also, 3 collision cases near around the port of Wando and statistical data during 5 years(1996 to 2000) are studied. The results of this study are as follows; 1. It is strongly recommended to separate the route of east-bound and west-bound in this area due to removing the risk of collision between the vessels in reciprocal way. 2. The owner of the fleet should lead that the master should con the vessel by himself when passing this area. 3. For the introduction of the Coastal VTS, it is required to investigate the capability to cooperate with military radar sites which based on all over the coast.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.197-204
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• 2019

The transfer pricing mechanism is a tool commonly used to transfer the tax base from countries with high taxation in countries with low taxation. In many countries, this financial operations generate significant tax revenue losses. In an attempt to limit tax revenue losses, many public authorities have introduced regulations on transfer pricing, but the effectiveness of these rules has proved limited, and they contributed to the increasing complexity of tax laws and to the appearance of additional costs for companies. Historically, transfer pricing (TP) was not a substantial issue in Mongolia. The tax legislation contains basic TP rules, but there is limited guidance and enforcement in practice. At the moment, Mongolian tax authorities are not conducting specific transfer pricing audits. Nevertheless, tax authorities are starting to pay more attention to transactions between related parties and potential transfer pricing adjustments. This study examines a transfer pricing regulations of Mongolia.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.23-46
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• 2021

Sports disputes have specific characteristics compared to disputes that arise in the field of commerce. One particularity is the judicial system in which the CAS plays a key role as the International Supreme Court for sports-related matters. The CAS Code applies whenever the parties agree to submit a sports-related dispute to the CAS(Art. R27). Once the parties to the arbitration agreement have decided that the CAS Code should govern their proceedings. The parties' autonomy is, however, limited to the provisions of the CAS Code that provide for such a corresponding autonomy. The application of the mandatory rules contained in the CAS Code cannot be excluded. In CAS appeals arbitration proceedings, the Panel shall decide the dispute according to the applicable sports regulations and, subsidiarily, to the rules of law chosen by the parties(Art. R58). In international sports disputes, the uniform application and interpretation of the relevant regulations are essential. Therefore, Art. R58 should be applied as a mandatory rule without any changes. Regulations of the sports organizations are to be qualified as valid rules of law. CAS panels may also apply the so-called lex sportiva to the merits before considering statutory provisions of national jurisdictions. In this way, the specificities in (international) sports disputes can be taken into account without the need to further examine the application of national legal standards.

• Fire Protection Technology
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• s.17
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• pp.24-32
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• 1994

This article introduces the transition of SOLAS (The International Convention for the Safety of Life Sea) safety regulations for fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction in ships. And also the regulations and the related IMO fire test rules applied to products such as fire sep-arate walls and non-combustible materials for interior to prevent fire spread on the ship fire are summarized.