• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.685-690
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• 2010

Rubiadin, a major compound of noni ($Morinda$ $citrifolia$) adventitious root, is highly valued in pharmaceutical industry due to hepatoprotective activity. To dissect rubiadin's effective extraction condition, extraction process of noni adventitious roots was performed with different solvent types, ratio of water to methanol (water, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of methanol), extraction time, and extraction method. In contrast, we also developed a reverse- phase HPLC assay method to determine rubiadin from noni adventitious roots. The HPLC assay of rubiadin was performed by C-18 column using a gradient solvent system of methanol and water with UV detector at 280 nm. The extraction efficiency of different types of solvents were increased in order of methanol (0.08%) > ethanol (0.05%) > acetonitrile (0.03%) > acetone (0.02%) and methylene chloride (0.02%). The results of rubiadin extraction using different solvents showed that 1 hour of ultrasonic extraction was effective in order of 60% methanol (0.21%) > 80% methanol (0.13%) > 100% methanol (0.07%), 40% methanol (0.07%) and 2 hours of reflux extraction was effective in order of 60% methanol (0.21%) > 40% methanol (0.17%) > 80% methanol (0.14%). To compare the extraction efficiency of rubiadin according to the extraction methods and time for high rubiadin content, the extracts of rubiadin in noni adventitious roots were isolated with the methods of ultrasonic extraction, shaking extraction and reflux extraction. Rubiadin extracted from the methods of ultrasonic waves and shaking displayed the highest contents at 8 and 24 hours, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.4 s.147
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• pp.241-245
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• 2006

Morinda officinalis How. (Rubiaceae) has been used as tonic, warming, sex impulse and anti-inflammatory agents. Two known anthraquinones, rubiadin-1-methyl ether (I) and rubiadin (II) were isolated from root of M. officinalis. Their structures were identified using NMR and literature comparisons. The contents of I in eighteen M. officinalis were evaluated by HPLC-PDA. Chromatography was performed using a reversed-phase system with Luna $C_{18}$ (2) column and acetonitrile-water (50:50, v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min under UV 280 nm. Under these conditions, the content of rubiadin-1-methyl ether was 0.013%.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.3 s.130
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• pp.207-210
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• 2002

The methanol extract from the root of Croton cascarilloides Raeusch. was primarily evaluated for cytotoxic activity in the cultured human lung cancer cell line (A459) and showed cytotoxic potential with $ED_{50}$ value of $5.98\;{\mu}g/ml$. Bioassayguided fractionation of the root extract resulted in 3-acetyl aleuritolic acid, rubiadin-l-methyl ether, and julocrotine. The structures of the compounds were elucidated from the combination of spectroscopic data and references. In addition, the $^{13}C-NMR$ assignments of rubiadin-l-methyl ether were revised.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.7-7
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• 2018

Morinda 속 식물은 꼭두서니과(Rubiaceae)에 속하는 다년생 상록관목으로서 전세계 80여종이 분포하고 있다. 그중 노니는 2000년 전부터 동남아시아 지역에서 식품, 향신료, 음료, 자양강장제 등 다양한 분야에 사용되고 있으며 뿌리, 줄기, 잎, 열매의 식물체 전체 부위가 이용되고 있다. 특히 열매는 주스 등 다양한 제품으로 만들어지고 있다. 본 연구는 조직배양된 노니 부정근을 재료로 하여 항알러지의 효능평가를 수행하고 지표물질로 rubiadin을 선정하였으며 이물질에 대한 정제방법 및 구조분석을 통해 정성, 정량적 분석방법을 확립하였다. 항알러지 효능에 대한 측정 결과 노니 부정근 조추출물 $100{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$에서 약 85%의 높은 발현 억제 효과를 보였고 이를 분획 추출한 후 분획물별로 histamine 및 $TNF-{\alpha}$ 발현 억제효과를 측정한 결과 헥산 및 메틸렌클로라이드층 분획물에서 효과가 우수하였다. 노니 부정근 조추출물이 함유한 유효성분들 중 항알러지 효과를 나타내는 지표물질을 선정하기 위하여 용매분획을 실시한 후 preparative LC로 분취하여 항알러지 효과가 높은 분획물을 얻었다. HPLC로 분취한 화합물을 GC/MS/MS, LC/MS-IT-TOF, UV/VIS spectrophotometer를 이용하여 최종적으로 rubiadin을 확인하고 이 화합물을 지표물질로 선정하였다. 이러한 결과는 노니 부정근의 고부가가치 기능성 소재로 이용되는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.40-43
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• 2000

The chemical investigation on the cell suspension culture of Morinda elliptica L. yielded eight anthraquinones, two of which, anthragallol-1,2-dimethyl ether (3) and purpurin-1-methyl ether (4), have not been isolated from the original plant. Other compounds isolated include nordamnacanthal (1), alizarin-1-methyl ether (2), rubiadin (5), soranjidiol (6), $lucidin-{\omega}-methyl$ ether (7), and morindone (8). The structures of anthraquinones were established based on spectral studies.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the various roles and effects of Morinda citrifolia L.(noni) on the human body and to utilize the findings obtained for future disease related research on food and nutrition. Morinda citrifolia L. has been used in folk medicine by Polynesians for over 2,000 years and is reported to have a broad range of therapeutic effects. Noni is an alkaloid system such as proxeronine, scopoletin, octanoic acid, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, nordamnacanthal, morindone, rubiadin, b-sitosterol, flavone glycosides, linoleic acid, acubin, L-asperuloside, caproic acid, caprylic acid, ursolic acid, rutin. Noni's side effects have been reported to affect anti-inflammatory, analgesics, LDL antioxidant, anti-tumor, antifungal, antibiotic, antiviral, antiparasitic and immunosuppressive effects. In particular, noni's efficacy is considered to be important for the prevention of diseases by inhibiting active oxygen, which is a direct cause of oxidative stress, through various metabolites through 'xeronine system'. Noni's functions and effects that have been examined in this study include anti-inflammation, pain relief, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatocyte protection among others. Therefore, noni's extracts are considered highly useful for diverse scientific and nutritional health functional foods.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.668-680
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• 2020

Bacillus velezensis is an important plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with immense potential in agriculture development. In the present study, Bacillus velezensis Lle-9 was isolated from the bulbs of Lilium leucanthum. The isolated strain showed antifungal activities against plant pathogens like Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium fujikuroi. The highest percentage of growth inhibition i.e., 68.56±2.35% was observed against Fusarium oxysporum followed by 63.12 ± 2.83%, 61.67 ± 3.39% and 55.82 ± 2.76% against Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Fusarium fujikuroi, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction revealed a number of bioactive compounds and several were identified as antimicrobial agents such as diketopiperazines, cyclo-peptides, linear peptides, latrunculin A, 5α-hydroxy-6-ketocholesterol, (R)-S-lactoylglutathione, triamterene, rubiadin, moxifloxacin, 9-hydroxy-5Z,7E,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, D-erythro-C18-Sphingosine, citrinin, and 2-arachidonoyllysophosphatidylcholine. The presence of these antimicrobial compounds in the bacterial culture might have contributed to the antifungal activities of the isolated B. velezensis Lle-9. The strain showed plant growth-promoting traits such as production of organic acids, ACC deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. IAA production was accelerated with application of exogenous tryptophan concentrations in the medium. Further, the lily plants upon inoculation with Lle-9 exhibited improved vegetative growth, more flowering shoots and longer roots than control plants under greenhouse condition. The isolated B. velezensis strain Lle-9 possessed broad-spectrum antifungal activities and multiple plant growth-promoting traits and thus may play an important role in promoting sustainable agriculture. This strain could be developed and applied in field experiments in order to promote plant growth and control disease pathogens.