• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.7 s.78
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• pp.91-98
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• 2004

This study focuses on the development of dynamic assignment for evaluation and application for dynamic route guidance strategy. Travelers are classified according to information contents which they received pre/on trip. The first group have no traffic information, so they travel with fixed route. The second group have real-time shortest path and travel according to it. The last group have car navigation system or individual method(cellular phone, PDA-two way communication available) for traffic information on trip. And then they are assigned in accordance with the proposed multiclass dynamic assignment model. At this time the last group is gotten under control with DFS(decentralized feedback strategy). In use of this Process we expect that various traffic information strategy can be tested and also be the key factor for success of ITS, location of VMS(variable message sign), cycle of information, area of traffic information, etc).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.499-508
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• 2005

The purpose of this study were to evaluate the effect on the reversion of sedation induced by midazolam with flumazenil and to determine the plasma concentration of flumazenil according to the method of administration. Intranasal and intravenous flumazenil were administered to sedated health volunteers aged from 23 to 25 years, in doses typical of those used clinically to induce sedation with midazolam and for reversal with flumazenil. Objective assessment for degree of sedation and vital signs, plasma concentration were made for 2 hours period. 1. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, $SpO_2$ were not changed by adminstration of flumazenil in sedated subject with midazolam, but pulse rate was increased temporarily. 2. Flumazenil showed the reversal of the sedative effect induced by midazolam regardless of administration methods. But intravenous administration showed more effect on the degree and the duration of reversion than intranasal administration with the exception of on set time. 3. Peak plasma concentration of flumazenil administered by intranasal route reached after 2 min and that of flumazenil administered by intravenous route was 4 min. Thus uptake of flumazenil did not showed any difference in accordance with the adminstration route. 4. Administration of flumazenil resulted in the temporary increase of midazolam plasma concentration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and the prognostic factors of carbamate poisoned patients who visited emergency departments. Methods: From August 2005 to July 2006, we investigated the demographic feature, dose of exposure, time of exposure, alcohol intake, route of exposure, reason of exposure, site of exposure, pre-existing medical condition, time from exposure to emergency department (ED), transfer from other hospitals, vital sign at ED arrival, symptom or sign at ED arrival, and result of care of the patients who visited the ED of thirty-eight hospitals in Korea. According to the result of care, we divided the patients into two groups, the survival and the dead. To evaluated the prognostic factors, we calculated the odds ratio of each factor for the survival. Results: Among the sixty-eight patients, fifty-five patients (80.9%) were survival and thirteen patients (19.1%) were dead. The patients in the dead were older than the patients in the survival. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of the patients in the dead was lower than the GCS in the survival. The odds ratio of the GCS at ED arrival for the survival was 1.58 (95% CI; 1.23-2.05). Other factors showed no statistical significances. Conclusion: The GCS at emergency department arrival was the prognosis factor of the carbamate poisoned patients who visited emergency departments. If the carbamate poisoned patients showed altered mentalities, they should be provided intensive care, immediately.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.121-133
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• 2017

Since the mid 1990s, policies have been actively promoted to improve safety and pedestrian environment around the school such as the improvement of School zone. However, the prevention of accidents was not effective because it did not extend to the school road where the main transportation route for children's commuting takes place. In addition, due to the rapid increase of automobiles, trunk road traffic in the peak time bypasses the back roads, which threatens children's safety and the environment by invading the school area, which is the main living space of children. In this study, the characteristics of domestic children's traffic accidents were investigated and the problems were analyzed by conducting a field survey on Yeouido Secondary School in Seoul and Unjung Elementary School in Gyeonggi Province. In addition, Variable speed limit signs and Beacons were installed in the pedestrian road of comunity including School zone, and the effects of facilities on the speed of vehicles were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the Variable speed limit sign showed a deceleration effect of about 8.3km/h, and the Beacon showed a phenomenon in which the traveling speed of 0.8km/h increased only slightly. In addition, the traffic violation rate of passenger cars, buses, and lorries decreased by about 3% as a result of investigating the number of traffic violation vehicles before and after installation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety depending on the route of flumazenil, as an antagonist against midazolam. The subjects of this study were 15 volunteers of $22{\sim}24$ years old. They were sedated with midazolam 0.2mg/Kg intranasal spray, and then 40 minutes after midazolam administration, they were given flumazenil 0.2mg intranasal spray for their reversal. For evaluation of the efficacy and safety of intranasal spray for flumazenil, they were monitored with pulse-oxymeter(Nellcor symphony N-3000, Nellcor Puritan CO. USA) and electric sphygmomanometer (Heartcare 200, National CO. Japan), and were assessed themselves using visual analogue scale(VAS) for tranquilization, sleep, fatigue and attitude. All of these subjects were reduced completely without any undesired situations. The results from this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. Nasaly administered flumazenil using spray device produced much more rapid reduction than intravenously administered flumazenil, but soon after fell in more deep sedated state than intravenously administered flumazenil. 2. There were no considerable side effects or bad influence on vital signs of both nasaly administered flumazenil and intravenously administered flumazenil. These results suggested that the flumazenil administered nasaly using spray device for reversal, we could treat patients safely and effectively under conscious sedation using midazolam administration. But, We will have to research about its optimal dosages for flumazenil, used as intranasal spray for reversal agents against the midazolam by evaluating the blood plasma concentration of midazolam and flumazenil.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 1985

Isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria from blood cultures are still technically demanding procedures. Recently, with the use of gas liquid chromatography, the accuracy of identification is much improved. However, there has never been a satisfactory data analysis on anaerobic bacteremia in Korea. The authors evaluated both the clinical and the bacteriological data of 129 anaerobic bacteremias found at the Yonsei Medical Center during the period of 1973 to 1984. The most frequently isolated anaerobic bacteria were Bacteroides (52.7%), among which the major species was B. fragilis (38.7%). Incidence of anaerobic bacteremia by sex was 57% in male and 43% in female. Mortality was higg in groups below 1-year old and above 50-year old. The cause of death seemed closely correlated with the patient's age, general condition and the severity of the underlying disease. Various neoplasms were the most common (20%) underlying diseases predisposing the anaerobic bacteremia. Biliary tract was considered the most frequent route of infection in anaerobic bacteremia. The frequent clinical signs in anaerobic bacteremia were fever (65%), followed by liver function abnormality (29%), jaundice (20%) and hypotention(18%). When analysis of positive rate of blood culture was made on the patients from whom 4 cultures were done within 24 hours, it was found that 33% of the samples were positive. Isolation rate of anaerobic bacteria in thioglycollate medium was 83.8%, while it was 44% in Tryptic soy broth. Among the anaerobic bacteremia, 25.4% were polymicrobial infections with aerobic bacteria (92.5%), such as E. coli(33.3%). From these studies, it is concluded that B. fragilis is the most important causative organism in anaerobic bacteremia, with high fatality, particularly in those who have underlying diseases. The ports of entry are mainly biliary, gastrointestinal and female genital tract. Fever is the most frequent clinical sign. Single blood culture is not sufficient to detect all anaerobic bacteremia, therefore more cultures with optimal time interval are needed. The incidence of polymicrobial infection in anaerobic bacteremia is higher than that in overall bacteremia.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2005

To assess clastogenic effects of the wild ginseng culture extract (WGCE) in vivo micronucleus test was performed using 7 weeks old ICR mice. At 24 hours after 2nd treatment with wild ginseng culture extract at the doses of 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg/day by peritoneal route mice were sacrified and marrow cells were prepared for smear slides. As a result of counting the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) of 2,000 polychromatic erythrocyte(PCE), all treatment groups did not show statistically significant increase than negative control group. And there was no clinical sign connected with injection of wild ginseng culture extract. It was concluded that wild ginseng culture extract did not induce micronucleus in the marrow cells of ICR mice.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.43 no.2 s.285
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• pp.92-97
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• 2006

Dolomite type $BaSn(BO_3)_2$ ceramics with rhombohedral crystal structure has been synthesized via solid state reaction route. Dielectric properties were measured for the samples sintered at $1050\~1200^{\circ}C$ for 2 h in air. Dielectric constant, loss tangent, and temperature coefficient were increased with sintering temperature due to the evolution of $BaSnO_3$, secondary, phase. Optimum dielectric properties were obtained at the $BaSn(BO_3)_2$ ceramics sintered at $1100^{\circ}C.\;CuO/Bi_2O_3$ was added to $BaSn(BO_3)_2$ ceramics to lower the sintering temperature for LTCC application, then Co and Fe-based coloring agents were added for colorizing the LTCC tape. Typical dielectric properties of $BaSn(BO_3)_2$ ceramics with $5 wt\%\;CuO/Bi_2O_3\;and\;3wt\%$ Co-coloring agent that sintered at $900^{\circ}C$ were $\varepsilon_r=9.89,\;tan{\delta}=0.92\times10^{-3},\;and\;TCC=112ppm/^{\circ}C$. Thus obtained LTCC tape was co-fired with Ag paste for compatibility test and revealed no sign of Ag reaction with the ceramics.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2009

We have investigated the genotoxicity of 3 chemicals, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, sodium tetraborate using mammalian erythrocyte with micronucleus induction. It was performed using 9 week male ICR mice. At 24 hours after treatment with 3 chemicals with oral route, mice were sacrificed and bone marrow cells were prepared for smear slides. As a result of counting the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) of 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE), all treatment groups did not show statistically significant increase than negative control group. And there was no clinical sign related with injection of the 3 chemicals. It was concluded that the 3 chemicals did not induce micronucleus in the bone marrow cells of ICR mice, and these results indicate that the 3 chemicals have no mutagenic potential under the condition in each studies.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 1968

The small type piroplasma which is known to be prevailing in Korean cattle was injected to un-susceptible hosts such as mice, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, fowls and developing chicken eggs by i.v., i.p, and intra C.A.M. routes, and its morphological development in each animal species was observed. 1. The small type piroplasma of cattle did not produce any pathogenicity in the experimental animals such as mice, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, fowls and developing chicken embryos. However, only a partial sign for developing cycle of the organism was observed in the peritoneal fluid. The schizogony of protozoa was not detected in any organs of the inoculated animals. 2. In the animals inoculated, the parasites of I-III types, relative to the process of time in the host, have changed their shapes into IV-VI types and then VI-X types however, the type X was not restored to the type I. In guinea pigs, more grape type was detected then X type in number, and in process of time, the shape was changed from round to elliptic, and the pointed end of the organism appeared in flesh color. 3. None of the organisms were found from the blood stream of inoculated animals excepts only a few piroplasma as were found in the experimental mice shortly after inoculation or i.v. route, No protozoa was also found in the organs of the animals autopsied. 4. The form change of protozoa was more clear in these animals than that in susceptible host. The most piroplasmas have changed their forms into VI-X types 30 hours after inoculation and were dispersed from R.B.C. Tracing of piroplasrna beyond this stage was not attempted. 5. The small type piroplasma comprises in I. X types and it is further believed that VII-X types which were freed from one cell proceeded to invade others. The from of development resembles to the small type of piroplasma which is prevailing in Japan.