• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.338-345
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• 2001

This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the root structure and the crown structure of Norway spruce(Picea abies [L.] Karst), and thereafter to obtain the regression equation for the estimation of relative root and needle biomass using the tree height and diameter at breast height(DBH) without measurement of root and needle biomass. The study site was Barbis stands of Harz region located in central part of Germany. Five dominant and three co-dominant trees of 30 to 40 year-old Norway spruce were selected and tree height, diameter at breast height, clear bole length, weight of total needle and branch, cross section and sapwood area at breast height for biomass of above ground part and also the length of root, the number of root, the weight of root, the cross section area of root etc. by dividing the horizontal and vertical roots for below ground part of tree were measured. The significantly correlation was shown between the biomass of most of variables of above ground parts and those of below ground parts. For the diameter of breast height to the weight of total root, regression equation was Y = 3.56X - 45.94 and decision coefficient was 0.96 showing highly correlation. The weight of total branches and needles, and the tree height etc. of above ground parts showed highly positive relationship with below ground biomass. The results obtained from this study can be used to the estimating of biomass of below ground using variables of above ground such as DBH in the 30 to 40 year-old Norway spruce stands.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.245-249
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to test performances of 14 types of root barrier materials by applying testing plants and soils suitable for weather and natural features of Korea. For testing plants, Plioblastus pygmaed Mitford A. and Pyracantha angustifolia have been selected. For testing soil, mixture of pearlite and peat moss in 3:1 ratio(volume). Testing container has been fabricated with duplicated structure having inner and outer containers. And the outer container has 2 hinges on its side wall to allow opening and closing. Wet rock wool with 50mm in thickness has been inserted between inner and outer containers to allow root to penetrate through root barrier material and continue to grow. We planted 12 Plioblastus pygmaed Mitford A. and 4 Pyracantha angustifolia per one testing container. Three testing samples have been made for 1 type of root barrier material, which become a total 42 specimens. Planted testing samples have been installed within the greenhouse, which will be observed regularly for 2 years from now on. We started test from July 11, 2008 and had performed intermediate observations every month for initial 3 months. From the 3rd intermediate observation on Sept. 18, we confirmed that 6 types of root barrier materials have penetrated roots. Even though two types of them(EDPM Sheet, Polyethylene Sheet) have been generally used as root barrier materials for roof planting system, all of three testing samples have a lot of penetrated roots. This result proves that it is not reasonable to introduce testing methods of root barrier from Europe or Japan.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.720-720
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• 2002

A number of investigations have shown that the presence of bacteria is prerequisite for developing pulpal and/or periradicular pathosis. Depending on the stage of pulpal pathosis, various species of bacteria can be cultured from infected root canals. Kakehashi et al. showed that exposure of pulpal tissue in germ-free rats was characterized by minimal inflammation and dentinal bridging while exposure of pulpal tissue in conventional rats with normal oral flora was characterized by pulpal necrosis, chronic inflammation, and periapical lesions. Currently used methods of cleaning and shaping, especially rotary instrumentation techniques, produce a smear layer that covers root canal walls and the openings to the dentinal tubules. The smear layer contains inorganic and organic substances that include fragments of odontoblastic processes, microorganisms, their by products and necrotic materials. Because of its potential contamination and adverse effect on the outcome of root canal therapy, it seems reasonable to suggest removal of the smear layer for disinfection of the entire root canal system. Presence of this smear layer prevents penetration of intracanal medications into the irregularities of the root canal system and the dentinal tubules and also prevents complete adaptation of obturation materials to the prepared root canal surfaces. Removal of the smear layer by an intracanal irrigant and placement of an antibacterial agent in direct contact with the content of dentinal tubules should allow disinfection of this complex system and better outcome for the root canal therapy. A new solution, which was a mixture of a tetracycline, an acid, and a detergent(MTAD), was developed in the Department of Endodontics, Dental School. Lorna Linda University, USA. It has been demonstrated that MTAD was an effective solution for the removal of the smear layer and does not significantly change the structure of the dentinal tubules when used as a final irrigant in conjunction with 1 % NaOCl as a root canal irrigant. Studies are in progress to compare the anti- microbial properties of this newly developed solution with those of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA that are currently used to irrigate the root canals and remove the smear layer from the surfaces of instrumented root canals.canals.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.123-129
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to test performances of 14 types of root barrier materials by applying testing plant: and soils suitable for weather and natural features of Korea. For testing Plants, Plioblastus pygmaed Mitford A and Pyracantha angustifolia have been selected. For testing soil, mixture of pearlite and peat moss in 3:1 ratio Testing container has been fabricated with duplicated structure having inner and outer containers. And the outer container has 2 hinges on its side wall to allow opening and closing. Wet rock wool with 50mm in thickness has been inserted between inner and outer containers to allow root to penetrate through root barrier material and continue to grow. We planted 12 Plioblastus pygmaed Mitford A. and 4 Pyracantha angustifolia per one testing container. Three testing samples have been made for 1 type of root barrier material, which become a total 42 specimens. Planted testing samples have been installed within the greenhouse, which will be observed regularly for 2 years from now on. We started test from July 11, 2008 and had performed intermediate observations every month for initial 3 months. From the 3rd intermediate observation on Sept. 18, we confirmed that 6 types of roe barrier materials have penetrated roots. Even though two types of them have been generally used as root barrier materials for roof planting system, all of three testing samples have a lot of penetrated roots. This result proves that it is not reasonable to introduce testing methods of root barrier from Europe. USA or Japan.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1371-1374
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• 2004

The control system design of 2-DOF for SISO process by root locus technique is not complicated and efficiently. It can design the control system to have the transient and steady state responses, and do not adjust the gain of process controller later. However, due to control system design for MIMO process, by root locus technique, there is not exact method. This paper is presents the control system design method for Quadruple-Tank Process, by using root locus technique for the structure of 2-DOF control system. The design procedures are first decentralized then using the relative gain array, and finally 2-DOF controller design is applied.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 1972

Tissues of $Panax\;Schinseng\;N_{EES}\;root$ were cultured on the synthetic agar media to investigate the nutrient efficiency on the callus induction and organ formation. The differentiation pattern of the callus mass and the structure of the induced organ (root) were observed internally. On White's medium, callus formation needed the supplement of 2,4-D (5mg/l) and kinetin (1.0mg/l), and on MS medium the root induction NAA (0.2mg/l) and kinetin (0.1mg/l). In order to investigate the effect of inorganic components on callus formation, the inorganic part of White' medium was substituted with those of Heller, Murashige Skoog, and Earle. As the result culture Earle's was most effective. On the other hand, the roots were induced from the meristem in the deep region of callus mass. Since this meristem is similar to the pericambium of tap root, they are the same on the pattern of morphogenesis.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 1991

The origin of cambial initials from procambium was studied in the seedling root of Acer saccharinum. In transverse view, the first periclinal divisions of procambial cells occurred just outside of each early metaxylem and resulted in meristematic strips. As root development progressed, the division activities appeared subsequently outside of each late metaxylem and then in pericycle cells opposite the four protoxylem poles. Eventually, such meristematic strips were connected completely each other. Thus, a nearly rectangular shaped meristematic layer in outline was formed outside the xylem in a whole root transectioned. In tangential section, early procambium showed a homogeneous structure consisted of uniform short cells with transverse end walls. However, some of the procambial cells did elongate, whereas others divided transversely. The former become more elongate, tapered, and vacuolated. Finally, they differentiated into fusiform initials. Short cells consisting axial strands divided continuousely in transverse plane and became ray initials, while some short cells elongated and transformed into long cells. The early ontogeny of vascular cambium in Acer saccharinum root was interpreted to be established by a gradual process.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.114-123
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• 1984

This study was conducted to investigated the morphology and distribution of starch granule in ginseng root. The results obtained are as follows; The starch contents of main and lateral ginseng 1$.$cot were 23-32% and 14-16%, respectively, and it was varied significantly with growing season, namely 15-37% in Summer (May to August) and 3-6% in Winter (November to March). Thus the starch content of ginseng root was different depending on the portien of ginseng root and growing seasons, but a significant difference was not observed by a growing period of ginseng. The starch granules showed nearly round or oval shape having the diameter 2-8${\mu}$ and their size were increased with a growing period of ginseng. The crystalline structure of starch granules was found to be B-type by X-ray diffraction study.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.3011-3016
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• 2015

Representing protein three-dimensional structure by concatenating a sequence of protein fragments gives an efficient application in analysis, modeling, search, and prediction of protein structures. This paper investigated the effective combination of distance measures, which can exploit large protein structure database, in order to construct a protein fragment library representing native protein structures accurately. Clustering method was used to construct a protein fragment library. Initial clustering stage used inter alpha-carbon distance having low time complexity, and cluster extension stage used the combination of inter alpha-carbon distance, Binet-Cauchy distance, and root mean square deviation. Protein fragment library was constructed by leveraging large protein structure database using the proposed combination of distance measures. This library gives low root mean square deviation in the experiments representing protein structures with protein fragments.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.583-592
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• 2022

Root-knot nematode disease is a widespread and catastrophic disease of tobacco. However, little is known about the relationship between rhizosphere bacterial community and root-knot nematode disease. This study used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt to assess bacterial community structure and function changes in rhizosphere soil from Meloidogyne incognita-infected tobacco plants. We studied the rhizosphere bacterial community structure of M. incognita-infected and uninfected tobacco plants through a paired comparison design in two regions of tobacco planting area, Yuxi and Jiuxiang of Yunnan Province, southwest China. According to the findings, M. incognita infection can alter the bacterial population in the soil. Uninfested soil has more operational taxonomic unit numbers and richness than infested soil. Principal Coordinate Analysis revealed clear separations between bacterial communities from infested and uninfested soil, indicating that different infection conditions resulted in significantly different bacterial community structures in soils. Firmicutes was prevalent in infested soil, but Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria were prevalent in uninfested soil. Sphingomonas, Streptomyces, and Bradyrhizobium were the dominant bacteria genera, and their abundance were higher in infested soil. By PICRUSt analysis, some metabolism-related functions and signal transduction functions of the rhizosphere bacterial community in the M. incognita infection-tobacco plants had a higher relative abundance than those uninfected. As a result, rhizosphere soils from tobacco plants infected with M. incognita showed considerable bacterial community structure and function alterations.