• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-38
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• 2008

This research aimed to analyze the differences in financial variables classifying chain restaurants. A total of 126 samples were drawn from financial statements for $2001{\sim}2006$. As a result of analysis, there was a significant difference in Pillai's Trace, Wilks' Lambda, Hotelling's Trace, and Roy's Largest Root values at the significant probability value(p<0.05) based on F value in terms of stability among chain restaurants. Difference was found only in current rate and liabilities in ANOVA. There was a great difference in current rate among institutional restaurants, fast food restaurants, and cafeterias. There was a significant difference in Pillai's Trace, Wilks' Lambda, Hotelling's Trace, and Roy's Largest Root values at the significant probability value(p<0.05) based on F value in terms of restaurants' profitability. In ANOVA, difference was found only in net profits to net sales. It was revealed that all factors showed no significant differences in multiple comparison. All multi-variant test statistics showed a significant difference in growth and turnover. ANOVA showed a significant difference in net sales growth rate, net profit growth rate, and total assets growth rate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.547-555
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• 2014

This study was carried out in order to investigate the germination and the early growth characteristics of Parasenecio firmus. Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by shading treatment (with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 48 hours). Experiment was performed by shading treatment (full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 95% shading). Seeds of Parasenecio firmus were surveyed the highest germination rate (61.1%) in full sunlight with WS (overall 25.7~61.1%). Height was surveyed the highest under 95% shading. And root collar diameter was surveyed the highest in full sunlight. Fresh weights (leaf, shoot, root and total) were the highest under 50% shading. Dry weights (leaf, shoot and total) were the highest under 75% shading. It was indicated the lowest leaf, shoot, root and total under 95% shading. Leaf growth (leaf area, leaf length, leaf width and leaf thickness) and root growth (total root length, root project area, root surface area, root diameter and root volume) were good under 35%~75% shading, but the lowest under 95% shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, seed of Parasenecio firmus grows well under 50%~75% shading after germination by high sunlight with water soaking (WS).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2005

The two different ways to supply air inside the bioreactor were examined in the adventitious root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. First, the aeration rate varied at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 vvm, respectively which were supplied during the whole culture period. Second, the amount of air supply was increased from 0.05 to 0.3 vvm at 10-day intervals in proportion to the root growth. Both the root growth and the ginsenoside accumulation were maximized to 175.8 g dry wt. of root growth and 4.3 mg/g dry wt. of ginsenoside accumulation when the aeration rate was increased gradually. The effect of the sparger pore size (15, 30 and $60\;{\mu}m$) in the bioreactor was also investigated, which suggested the greatest root growth (175.9 g dry wt.) in the $15{\mu}m$-sized sparger and the highest ginsenoside content (4.3 mg/g dry wt.) in the $60\;{\mu}m$ size. Finally, the diameter of a sparger ($15\;{\mu}m$-sized) varied at 1.5, 3.0, 5.0 and 8.0 cm, respectively. The highest root growth (191.9 g dry wt.) and the ginsenoside content (4.9 mg/g dry wt.) were obtained in the sparger diameter of 8.0 cm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 1994.06a
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• pp.27-49
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• 1994

Root colonization of biocontrol agents via seed treatment was investigated and a compatible combination, Gliocladium virens G872B and Pseudomonas putida Pf3, in colonizing cucumber rhizosphere was confirmed through the study. Much higher number of fungal and bacterial propagules were detected when two isolates were inoculated together. The presence of Pf3 in root system was greatly helpful to G872B to colonize at root tip. The mechanism of this phenomenon is partially elucidated through the results of in vitro experiments and the observations of scanning electron and fluorescence microscope. Addition of Pf3 cells resulted earlier germination of G872B conidia and increased mycelial growth. And the more number of germinated conidia on seed coat, the more vigorous hypal streching and sporulation on the root surface were observed in coinoculated treatment. The propagules of G872B on the cucumber root when they were challenged against the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, were even higher than that of G872B treated alone, and the magnitude of such a difference was getting grater toward the root ip and the population of F. oxysporum on the root was reduced by seed inoculation of G872B. The rhizosphere competence was obviously reflected to disease suppression and plant growth promotion that induced by the given isolate. Green house experiments revealed that the combined treatment provided long-term disease suppression with greater rate and the larger amount of fruit yield than single treatments. Through this study the low temperature growing Pseudomonas fluorescens M45 and MC07 were evaluated to apply them to the winter crops in field or plastic film house. In vitro tests reveal that M45 and MC07 inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctona solani and Phytophthora capsici and enhanced growth of cucumber cotyledon in MS agar. This effect was more pronounced when the bacteria were incubated at 14$^{\circ}C$ than at 27$^{\circ}C$. And disease suppression and plant growth promotion in green house were also superior at low temperature condition. Seed treatment of M45 or soil treatment of MC07 brought successful control of damping-off and enhanced seedling growth of cucumber. The combined treatment of two isolates was more effective than any single treatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.627-636
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• 2020

Background: Cultivation of medicinal crops, which synthesize hundreds of substances for curative functions, was focused on the synthesis of secondary metabolites rather than biomass accumulation. Nutrition is an important restrict factor for plant growth and secondary metabolites, but little attention has been given to the plasticity of nutrient uptake and secondary metabolites synthesis response to soil nitrogen (N) change. Methods: Two year-field experiments of Sanqi (Panax notoginseng), which can synthesize a high level of saponin in cells, were conducted to study the effects of N application on the temporal dynamics of biomass, nutrient absorption, root architecture and the relationships between these parameters and saponin synthesis. Results: Increasing N fertilizer rates could improve the dry matter yields and nutrient absorption ability through increasing the maximum daily growth (or nutrient uptake) rate. Under suitable N level (225 kg/ha N), Sanqi restricted the root length and surface and enhanced the root diameter and N uptake rate per root length (NURI) to promote nutrient absorption, but the opposite status of Sanqi root architecture and NURI was found when soil N was deficient. Furthermore, increasing N rates could promote the accumulation of saponin in roots through improving the NURI, which showed a significant positive relationship with the content of saponin in the taproots. Conclusion: Appropriate N fertilizer rates could optimize both root architecture and nutrient uptake efficiency, then promote both the accumulation of dry matter and the synthesis of saponins.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2013

The experiment was carried out to analyze the inhibition effect of plant pathogenic fungi and growth promotion activity induced by the bacterial strains isolated from peatmoss. Among the isolated bacterial strains, B10-2, B10-4, B10-5 and B10-6 which showed more than 30% inhibition rate against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro, were further analyzed in the greenhouse for the growth promotion activity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa), pak-choi (Brassica compestris L. ssp. chinensis) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis). The results showed the treatment of B10-4 on lettuce showed the highest growth promotion activity with the leaf area ($169.17cm^2$), fresh weight (leaf: 40.29 g, root: 8.80 g)and dry weight (leaf: 11.24 g, root: 4.17 g), which was about two folds as compared to control. On pak-choi, the growth promotion rate was the highest with the leaf area of $112.87cm^2$, leaf fresh weight of 60.70 g, root fresh weight of 3.37 g, leaf dry weight of 14.34 g, and root dry weight of 1.90 g. As a result of treatment of B10-13 on chinese cabbage, the growth promotion rate was the highest with the leaf area ($293.56cm^2$), fresh weight (leaf: 113.67 g, root: 2.40 g) and dry weight (leaf: 6.03 g, root: 0.53 g). The production of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and Indole-3-Butylic Acid (IBA) were also analyzed in these bacterial isolates. The IAA and IBA analyses were carried out in all bacterial isolates each day within the 5 days of incubation period. The highest production of IAA was observed with $112.57{\mu}g/mg$ protein in B10-4 after 3 days of incubation and IBA production was the highest in B10-2 with $58.71{\mu}g/mg$ protein after 2 days of incubation. Also, phosphate solubilizing activity was expressed significantly in B10-13 in comparison to that of other bacterial isolates. Bacterial identification showed that B10-2 was Bacillaceae bacterium and B10-5 was Bacillus cereus, B10-4 and B10-6 were Bacillus sp. and B-13 was Staphylococcus sp. by ITS sequence.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.250-253
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• 2000

We researched effects of growth on initial inoculum size, liquid volume, and medium feeding rate etc. Cell suspension inoculated at low cell concentrations showed a typical growth reduction, whereas root cultures showed an improvement in growth. In this paper, Hairy roots showed high growth rate at 0.4 % inoculum size and 100 mL liquid volume in 250 mL flask cultures.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 1995

Cylindvocarpon destmtalns isolate CY-92-01, pathogen of root-rot of Panax ginseng showed t the maximum mycelial growth on the Czapek solution agar among the thirteen kinds of media. Five isolates (Isolate CY-92-01, CY-92-03, CY-92-07, CY-94-01, CY-94-02) of C. destructan from various growth stages of p. ginseng recovered from several geographical sites also showed maximum growth in the Czapek-Dox broth compared with potato dextrose broth and V-8 juice broth. Rapid growth rate was maintained until 12 days after inoculation on the Czapek-Dox broth and mycelial weight was somewhat constant until 20 days. After 30 days of incubation, the mycelial weight began to decrease. The fungal growth occurred from 5$^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and optimum temperature for growth was 2$0^{\circ}C$. Mycelial weight orderly decreased at 15, 25, 10, and 5$^{\circ}C$. Quantitative measurement was impossible at 5$^{\circ}C$. No fungal growth was occurred at the temperature higher than 3$0^{\circ}C$. Growth was observed at all tested pH ranges from 2.8 to 8.0. Optimum pH for growth was 4.0~5.0 followed by pH 3.3~3.5 and 5.4~6.0. The least growth occurred at pH 2.8.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2020

This study was conducted to compare the effects of foliar spray and sub-irrigation of the triazole fungicide diniconazole on the regulation of stem elongation and to investigate the stimulation of root system development during the seedling stage. Comparing the two application approaches, there were significant differences in the leaf area, leaf area ratio (LAR), plant height, compactness, fresh shoot and root production, relative growth rate (RGR), and root to shoot ratio (R/S). At the same application concentration, the sub-irrigation showed a better retarding effect on growth than the foliar spray, because the PGR activity of diniconazole in root absorption was higher than that in shoot absorption. For reaching a target of 20% to 30% inhibition rate of stem length, foliar application concentration of diniconazole exceeded 10, however, only approximately 1 was required in the sub-irrigation application. The root system of tomato seedlings responded strongly to diniconazole application. Total root length, root volume, root average diameter, and the number of root tips increased when diniconazole was sub-irrigation application at 1. A reduction in fine roots (diameter range of 0 to 0.3 mm) and an increase in the roots with a diameter range of 0.3 to 0.6 mm was observed, and this may contribute to the increase in average diameter. The increase in root average diameter may be positive because root penetration increases with root diameter. Our results suggested that sub-irrigation maximized the PGR activity of diniconazole to enhance the retarding effect. And it also possible to enhance the tomato seedling root system by diniconazole stimulating with a lower concentration.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.778-785
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop a predictive model for the growth of Escherichia coli strain RC-4-D isolated from red kohlrabi sprout seeds. We collected E. coli kinetic growth data during red kohlrabi seed sprouting under isothermal conditions (10, 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$). Baranyi model was used as a primary order model for growth data. The maximum growth rate (${\mu}max$) and lag-phase duration (LPD) for each temperature (except for $10^{\circ}C$ LPD) were determined. Three kinds of secondary models (suboptimal Ratkowsky square-root, Huang model, and Arrhenius-type model) were compared to elucidate the influence of temperature on E. coli growth rate. The model performance measures for three secondary models showed that the suboptimal Huang square-root model was more suitable in the accuracy (1.223) and the suboptimal Ratkowsky square-root model was less in the bias (0.999), respectively. Among three secondary order model used in this study, the suboptimal Ratkowsky square-root model showed best fit for the secondary model for describing the effect of temperature. This model can be utilized to predict E. coli behavior in red kohlrabi sprout production and to conduct microbial risk assessments.