• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.479-492
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• 2021

We conducted a fundamental study on geological and rock detection via drone-based hyperspectral imaging on various types of small rock samples and interpreted the obtained information to compare and classify rocks. Further, we performed hyperspectral imaging on ten rocks, and compared the peak data value and reflectance of rocks. Results showed a difference in the reflectance and data value of the rocks, indicating that the rock colors and minerals vary or the reflectance is different owing to the luster of the surface. Among the rocks, limestone used for hyperspectral imaging is grayish white, inverted rock contains various sizes and colors in the dark red matrix, and granite comprises colorless minerals, such as white, black, gray, and colored minerals, resulting in a difference in reflectance. The reflectance of the visible ray range in ten rocks was 16.00~85.78%, in the near infrared ray range, the average reflectance was 23.94~86.43%, the lowest in basalt and highest in marble in both cases. This is because of the pores in basalt, which caused the difference in reflectance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.330-334
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• 1983

The author carried out an experiment to find out the response of gray rock cod, Sebastes inermis (Cuvier et Valenciennes) to the color light. The experimental tank ($360L{\times}50W{\times}55H\;cm$) was set up in a dark room. Six longitudinal sections with 60 cm intervals are marked in the tank to observe the location of the fish. Water depth in the tank was kept 50 cm level. Light bulbs of 20W at the both ends of the tank projected the light horizontally into the tank. Two different colored filters were selected from four colors of red, blue, yellow, and white, and they were placed in front of the light bulbs to make different colors of light. Light intensity were controlled by use of auxiliary filters intercepted between the bulb and the filter. The fishes were acclimatized in the dark for 50 minutes before they were employed in the experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 40 times in 30 second intervals, and the mean of the number of fish in each section was given as the gathering rate of the fish. The colors favourited by the fish was found in the order of white, blue, yellow and red. The gathering rate of fish on illumination period was small and comparatively fluctuated with stability. The difference of the gathering rates on two different colors of light was much greater, regardless of illumination period, in day time than in night time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 1984

The author carried out an experiment to find out the response of rock trout, Hexagrammos otakii (Jordan et starks) to the color lights. The experimental tank (360L$\times$50W$\times$55H cm) was set up in a dark room. Six longitudinal sections with 60cm intervals are marked in the tank to observe the loction of the fish. Water depth in the tank was kept 50cm level. Light bulbs of 20W at the both ends of the tank projected the light horizontally into the tank. Two different colored filters were selected from four colors of red, blue, yellow, and white, and they were placed in front of the light bulbs to make different colors of light. Light intensity were controlled by use of auxiliary filters intercepted between the bulb and the filter. The fishes were acclimatized in the dark for 50 minutes before they were 3employed in the experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 40 times in 30 second intervals, and the mean of the number of fish in each section was given as the gathering rate of the fish. The colors favourited by the fish was found in the order of white, yellow, red and blue in day time, and red, yellow, blue and white at night time. The gathering rate of fish on illumination period was small and comparatively fluctuated with stability. The difference of the gathering rates on two different colors of light was great.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.31-60
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• 1997

Stone-cultural-properties, distributed in Naju, Hwasun and a part of Jangheung, have been investigated and studied on the characteristics, rock weathering and phases in the geological and conservational points of view. The properities involve pagoda and twelve stupas, four stone-buddha, three stone monuments, two stone-lantern, four stone-Jangseung, one and flag-pole. The rocks used are mainly pebble-bearing tuffaceous rocks of the Cretaceous age which are widely distributed in the area. However, granites are also used in some properties. These rocks are strongly influenced by weathering and pervasive moss. The mottled rock surfaces in some properties are in colors due to pervasive moss different. Parts of some cultural properties are broken which results in structurally unstable. Cultural properties in the area are relatively well conserved at the earth consolidated by ramming and by iron fence. However some cultural properties are partly repaired by using other hinds of rock phases which results in different colors in weathered rock surface. For conservation, rock phases, weathered surface colors, and relationships with original parts must be scientifically considered in repairment forward.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 2002

In this study, a 3D coordinate measurement system equipped with a laser displacement meter for digitizing rock joint surface was established and the digitized data were used to calculate several roughness parameters. The parameters used in this study were micro avenge inclination $angle(i_{ave})$, average slope of joint $asperity(SL_{ ave})$, root mean square of $i-angle(i_{rms})$, standard deviation of height(SDH), standard deviation of $i-angle(SD_i)$, roughness profile $index(R_P)$, and fractal dimension(D). The relationships between the roughness parameters based on the digitzation of the surface profile were analyzed. Since the measured value varied according to the degree of reflection and the variation of colors at the measuring point, rock joint surface was painted in white to minimize the influence of the surface conditions. The comparison of the measured values and roughness parameters before and after painting revealed the better consequence from measurement on the painted surfaces. Also, effect of measuring interval was studied. As measured interval was increased, roughness parameters were exponentially decreased. The incremental sequence of degree of decrease was $SDH\; i_{ave},\; i_{rms},\; SD_i,\;and\; R_ p-1$. As a result of comparison of parameters from pin-type measurement system and laser type measurement system, all value of parameters were higher when laser-type measurement system was used, except SDH.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.539-546
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to estimate human emotion quantitatively under colors and music stimuli and to examine the for correlation between color and music sensibility. Physiological signals(electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, Galvanic skin conductivity and respiration rate) were measured to compare color with music sensibilities. The personality of the subject were investigated using factor analysis and semantic differential method of 20 items(7 interval scaled). The results showed that red, yellow and violets color provoked active and exciting senses mainly as dance, rock and blues music. While blue, cyan and pink colors ware involved in tranquil and resting emotions deeply as classic and ballade music.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.70-88
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• 2024

Syenite is the name of a rock that has been used since ancient Roman period, but it is not widely distributed worldwide, and cases of its use as a material for Korean stone cultural heritages are very rare. However, the Three-story Stone Pagoda in Beomhak-ri of Sancheong, is composed of syenite, and each stone property has very similar rock phases, mineral compositions, grain sizes, colors and magnetic susceptibilities, indicating that they are all stones of the same rock series. Outcrops of syenite are relative widely distributed in the Beomhak-ri area, and it was mined for use as building stones until recently. This rock is almost identical in overall colors, occurrences, and mineralogical and petrological characteristics to that of the stone pagoda, and the geochemical evolution trends of the rocks are also very similar. In addition, numerous quarrying traces were identified in the same rock around the Beomhaksaji Temple site. In this way, the original stone properties of the Beomhak-ri Stone Pagoda were determined to be syenite because precise petrological and geochemical analysis and provenance interpretation was possible, the syenite was distributed around the temple site, and ancient quarrying traces were scattered in the same rocks. Therefore, it can be interpreted that the Beomhak-ri Stone Pagoda was processed and constructed using self-sufficient stone materials from the temple site area.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.462-472
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• 2020

Rock classification is fundamental discipline of exploring geological and geotechnical features in a site, which, however, may not be easy works because of high diversity of rock shape and color according to its origin, geological history and so on. With the great success of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in many different image-based classification tasks, there has been increasing interest in taking advantage of CNN to classify geological material. In this study, a feasibility of the deep CNN is investigated for automatically and accurately identifying rock types, focusing on the condition of various shapes and colors even in the same rock type. It can be further developed to a mobile application for assisting geologist in classifying rocks in fieldwork. The structure of CNN model used in this study is based on a deep residual neural network (ResNet), which is an ultra-deep CNN using in object detection and classification. The proposed CNN was trained on 10 typical rock types with an overall accuracy of 84% on the test set. The result demonstrates that the proposed approach is not only able to classify rock type using images, but also represents an improvement as taking highly diverse rock image dataset as input.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.5 no.1 s.5
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• pp.41-68
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• 1996

Stone-cultural-properties, distributed In the area, have been investigated and studied on the characteristics and the rock phases in the geological and conservational point of view. Stone-Buddhas in the area can be subdivided into Maebul-, General -, and Massive rock-types according to their styles. The rocks used in these stone-cultural-properties are mainly massive, coarse grained biotite granite of the Jurassic age, which is widely distributed around the Reckon-gun area. However, quartz-feldspathic banded gneiss, marble, phyllite and hornblendite are also used. These rocks are mainly distributed in the Yongin-gun area. This suggests that the rocks used. These rocks are strongly influenced by chemical weathering so that the rock surface is very irregular with $2\~3mm$ relief. Biotite granite used shows generally weathered surface of brown color due to chemical weathering of feldspars. Moss are pervasive partly on the surface to show black and/or green colors. The strong weathering may induce secondarily to appear the igneous lineation, onion-structure, and/or minor cracks latent in the rocks. The cultural properties In the area are relatively well conserved except Maebuls and one(Duchangri 3-story) pagoda. However, one stone-buddha may be grinded recently by machine to take off the weathered surface resulting in the loss of its age and the original detailed shape. For conservation, they must be scientifically considered on the shape, kind of the rock phase and characteristics of the weathered phenomena.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2008

Calc-silicate rock sheet occurs within the Precambrian metasedimentary rocks in Bonghwa area, Kyungsangbuk-do, Korea. The calc-silicate rock runs parallel to bedding plane with $14{\sim}18$ meters in width. Calcite, dolomite, serpentine and tremolite are occurred as major minerals and talc is occurred as a miner mineral. Serpentine mainly occurs in the upper part and tremolite occurs in lower part of calc-silicate rock sheet. Colors of calc-silicate rock change to deeper green with increasing amounts of serpentine mineral. XRD, FT-IR analyses indicates that serpentine mineral is antigorite. Platy structure of antigorite is well observed by SEM analysis. EPMA data indicates that chemical composition of antigorite is very close to ideal ($SiO_2$: 44.3 wt% and MgO: 40.8 wt%). The chemical formula of antigorite is calculated as $Mg_{2.82}Al_{0.04}Fe^{3+}_{0.04}Si_{2.05}O_5(OH)_4$. From careful study by comparing mineralogical analysis data and occurrence, calc-silicate rock sheet was formed by metamorphism of calcareous sedimentary rocks having different mineralogical and chemical compositions. It is considered that the host rock of serpentine enriched upper part was more Mg-rich rocks than the host rocks of tremolite enriched lower part.