• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 1991

Conquering top and climbing was a major visiting purpose of Nogodan in the Chrisan National Park. The visitors prefered climbing as visiting times increased. 37 percents of the visitors did not know Mt. Chiri as a national park and 78 percents of the visitors did not understand Mt. Chiri as a observing nature area. No of visitors to Chirisan National Park and Nogodan increased each by 2.2 times (2.6 millions) and by 7 times (260 thousands), respectively after construction of the Sungsamjae access road in 1988.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.223-231
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• 2009

This study intends to develop a GIS-based environmental assesment technique for environmental friendly road route plan using a spatial analysis function. After embodying an impact range based on the analysis of factors which cause the environmental damage by the road construction, a literature survey on a diverse grading cases and legal regulations was conducted. As a quantitative model for the spatial analysis, AHP was selected. As the environmental assessment, 8 items such as topography & geology, animals & plants, soil ecology, water quality, air quality, noise, land use, and landscape were selected. and then finally classified into three-grades using a pairwise comparison of the alate collected by a questionnaire surveying, weighting values were applied to there 8 items. The highest weight value, the grade 1 among eight was 0.191 for animals & plants. As the result of verifying the above method for the case region, the most environment-friendly road route could be generated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.165-177
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• 2023

Field surveys were conducted at a total of 50 locations targeting naturalized plants on Ulleung-do. A total of 109 taxa were identified, including the list of naturalized plants in the preceding literature. The naturalized plants of Ulleung-do had a high proportion of Asteraceae, which appeared frequently in the habitat of the ruderal type. There were no naturalized plants that settled only on Ulleung-do, and all naturalized plants found on Ulleung-do first settled on the Korean Peninsula. This was proved by the high rates of epecophyten (90.8%) and the introduction period 2nd (70.6%). On the other hand, among ecosystem-disturbing species that have a great influence in the inland of the Korean Peninsula, Hypochaeris radicata and Rumex acetosella appeared in a limited area in Ulleung-do. On the other hand, Lapsana communis appeared in high density along the forest edge, requiring management of naturalized plants different from those in the Korean Peninsula. Naturalized plants on Ulleung-do showed a rapid increase in the 1990s after increased academic research, coastal road development, and other development projects. This highlights the necessity for continuous research on the pattern of naturalized plant occurrence after the completion of the Ulleung Airport, which is currently under construction.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.466-482
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• 2020

This study used 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the ENVI-met program to investigate how particulate matters (PM) generated on roads disperse through adjacent urban neighborhoods according to the urban development pattern. An urban area centered on a six-lane road in the vicinity of Miryang City Hall in Gyeongnam Province was selected to simulate the effect of the green space and building height on the PM concentration. The ENVI-met model considered the presence of green space and different building heights (high/low) on both sides of the road to examine the dispersion of PM. The result showed that the area of high-rise buildings and green space had the lowest PM concentration dispersed to the adjacent area, followed by the area of high-rise buildings and no green space. In contrast, the PM concentration remained relatively high for low-rise buildings, regardless of the green space. The reason for the low PM concentration in the area with high-rise buildings was a strong building wind, which caused PM to disperse to the outside, lowering the PM concentration quickly. These results indicate that the PM can disperse faster, and the PM concentration remains low in the urban neighborhood. On the other hand, green space had no significant effect on reducing PM in the urban neighborhood. In particular, when there are low-rise buildings on both sides of the road, the green space has no effect on the PM concentration in the urban neighborhood. Since this study considered only the case of PM emitted from the road, future studies should investigate other factors to figure out the dispersion model of PM and conduct on-site experiments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2003

This study was carried out to select proper species fur early stage replantation in forest road cut-slope. From one to fifteen years elapsed forest roads in four regional areas of Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollanam-do, sample plots were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. Invaded species and plant coverage have increased with elapsed years. The occurrence rate of herbs have decreased, while the occurrence of trees have increased with elapsed years. The ordination analysis showed that distribution of species was influenced by the elapsed year, the slope angle of the cut-slope, elevation, and the direction angle of the cut-slope. Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Lespedeza sp., Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Duchesnea chrysantha, Miscanthus sinensis, Pueraria thunbergiana, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rhus chinensis, and Weigela subsessilis were considered as proper species for replantation in forest road cut-slope, besides the species used already. Seventy seven family, 190 genus, 233 species, 38 variety, and 271 species in total were counted as invaded plant species in the survey zone. Naturalized plants were 18 species. Invaded species are, with high frequency first, Rubus crataegifolius, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Pueraria thunbergiana, Pinus densiflora, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lysimachia clethroides, Lespedeza bicolor, Youngia denticulata, Miscanthus sinensis, and Erigeron annuus.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.278-289
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• 2007

This study investigated species formation and their vegetation on the roadsides of 1100 Road and 5 16 Road in Hallasan National Park from August 2004 to December 2006 to provide basic data for distributional attribute of the naturalized plants. The vascular plants investigated on the roadsides of Hallasan National Park were found to be 62 families, 145 genera, 197 taxa in total, in which naturalized plants were recorded as 11 families, 29 genera, and 37 taxa. The floristic formation at 1100 Roadside was composed of Festuca arundinacea-Dactylis glomerata association, which was again divided into Trifolium pratense-Plantago lanceolata sub-association and Sasa quelpaertensis-Gleichenia japonica sub-association. The florisitic composition of the 5 16 Roadside was sorted as Festuca arundinacea-Dactylis glomerata association, Oplismenus undulatifolius-Potentilla fragarisiiforlia, elatior association, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and etatior-Persicaria thunbergii association. Among the naturalized plants distributed at this area, the annual plant accounts for 51.4%[19 taxa] and the plant of European origin accounts for 70.3%[26 taxa]. As for the background of the introduction of these plants, the case of introduction for forage or a mixture with grain and for pasture was 35.1% and 21.6% respectively, showing higher introduction circumstances than others. As shown in the study, most of the roadsides were occupied by the naturalized plants- Festuca arundinacea and Dactylis glomerata association and various naturalized plants; thus we can assume that it's because Festuca arundinacea and Dactylis glomerata association were mostly used for re-vegetation of the destroyed areas due to road construction or expansion or road maintenance and improvement project.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.104-111
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• 2017

The construction of road tunnels and bridges have delivered driving efficiency and stability based on developed engineering technology. Tunnels have the advantage of reducing the deforested area compared with other road construction methods. Since a tunnel is an underground passageway dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for the entrance and exit, commonly at each end, it does not cause a large amount of deforestation. This study surveyed the deforested areas at each end of the tunnel by the design of the tunnel entrance and exit and forest topography to minimize the amount of deforestation caused by road construction. A survey was done on a total of 150 tunnels (300 entrances and exits) on several main roads in Korea. The deforested area of each tunnel was collected by a breakdown of the entrance area and the upper area of the tunnel. According to the results of Kruskal-Wallis analysis, it was found that there was statistically a significant relation between the location of tunnels and the amount of deforestation by the topographical access type of the tunnels. The tunnel with 'facing orthogonal to incline' type access caused the smallest deforestation while the the tunnel with 'facing to valley' and 'parallel with incline' type accesses caused large deforestation during tunnel construction. Tunnel positioning in the light of topography can reduce the deforested area by up to 1.5ha at each tunnel.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.439-449
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• 2023

This study was conducted to verify the role of forest roads in the extinction of large forest fires in Korea. The study area was the forest fire-damaged area of Gangneung City, Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province, in April 2023, which is one of the areas with the highest road density among the major forest fires that have occurred so far. The scope of the forest fire damage area was confirmed through on-site survey, and the intensity of the fire was carried out through Sentinel-2 satellite imagery analysis. After that, the relationship between the damage range and intensity and the forest road was examined. About 59.6 km of roads were built within 50 m from the boundary of the forest fire damage area, which can easily access the entire 149.1 ha of forest fire damaged area. The road density is as high as 168.9 m/ha. All forests that were fragmented by roads were fragmented into 83 places, and all of these forests could be judged to have spread by spotting fire. As a result of analyzing the distribution of damage intensity by distance from the road to see the extent of damage according to the ease of access of fire extinguishing vehicles, it was confirmed that the proportion of areas with low-intensity damage has increased sharply even from 75 m or more away from the road. The results of analyzing the distribution of damage intensity by altitude to see the extent of damage according to the ease of access of fire extinguishing showed that the proportion of areas with low-intensity damage increased as the altitude increased, while the proportion of areas with damage of more than strong intensity decreased as the altitude increased. It was confirmed that there is no data that roads inside or adjacent to forests in the forest fire area of Gangneung City are effective in extinguishing forest fires. These results are contrary to the logic that increasing the road density in forests is effective in extinguishing forest fires. In the case of this fire area in Gangneung City, the road density is 43 times higher than the current road density in Korea claimed by the Korea Forest Service of 3.9 m/ha. This study suggests that roads can be a hindrance to extinguishing forest fires.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.545-556
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• 2014

The most rapidly growing manufacturing could be cosmetics industries due to this phenomenon. In this study, the cosmetic distribution structure not to mention Korea, Asia's largest market, China and Japan are based on references. Purpose of study is to provide a basis for marketing strategy through the research process and results. Korea cosmetics market has been exerting a tremendous power of LG Household & Health and Amore Pacific as a major company. Cosmetics industry is rapidly booming around the mid-priced brand through internet shopping, TV shopping, and road shops. Cosmetics preferences were analyzed targeted at tourists by distributing questionnaire to 1500 in road shop and Myeong-dong from September 14 to October 13, 2013. The answers for the questions of the most awareness cosmetic brands in Korea are appeared in order of Laneige, Innisfree, The Face Shop. The satisfaction of the use of Korea cosmetic are 61.85% and the reasons are that in a variety of color cosmetics are 32.58%, the reaction of around that you look prettier are 29.34%. Therefore purchasing products are 49.14% of the color cosmetics and 24.93% of the functional products. Within the result of the survey, although the quality versus the price for the Korean cosmetic brands has been competitive advantage over yet from the advertising of Korea wave stars, the foreign purchasers have been willing to buy the color cosmetics and high-end performance products being the research and development of the continuously higher quality of the performance if the preceding even if being more expensive purchase price.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.393-403
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to use the information deduced from biotopemap in Boryeong, Chungnam province conducted in 2011 and to select the wildlife survey point. The information used for the study was deduced from the knowledge and experience of wildlife specialists and was realized by 6 environmental variables (Outside distance from food vegetation, Outside distance from farm land, Outside distance from forest, Human density, Outside distance from road, Outside distance from water). 6 environmental variables were modeled by map overlay method and the model could deduce the correlation of 94.72% as a result of comparing with occurrence information. The areas predicted to have many occurrences were rural landscapes, forests, and valleys, and they can be used to deduce the quality wildlife survey results in the limit of survey range (area, schedule, and budget). However, it had the limit points such as the inside of forests was excluded, all species did not prefer the same habitat. The following studies are needed for this part in the future.