• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2008

This study was carried out to compare bone density risk factors affecting women's BMD, and to examine the relationship age, lifestyle and dietary habits for bone health by physical measurement and questionnaires. The subjects of this study were 194 women living in the Seoul area. When the subjects were divided into normal and risk groups, BMD, height, weight, BMI, total body water, soft lean mass, fat free mass, protein, mineral, body-fat of normal group were much higher than those of the risk group. The breakfast eating rate of the normal group was much higher than that of the risk group, walking time was significantly longer and exercise was more (p < 0.05). The normal group had more frequent intakes of tunas, squid, radishes, the green parts of radish, cucumbers, carrots and Iucchinis, tomatoes, and grapes than the risk group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). In conclusion, breakfast eating, exercise, intakes of some foods such as anchovies, radishes, carrots, zucchinis and tomatoes were significantly important factor to prevent bone density risk.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2015

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of occupational exposure to low dose organic solvents on the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Study design was retrospective cohort study subjected on 191 exposures and 118 controls working in a petrochemical manufacture company. The eight indicators related to CVD risk were followed up for five years from 2008 to 2012. The risk level was compared during the follow up years and subject's characteristics, and the change of risk level were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: At the start year 2008, the rate over cutoff value (ROCV) of BS (p<.001) and mean systolic BP (p=.017) were higher in organic solvent exposure group and the others showed no difference. And by the subject's characteristics, odds ratio of the ROCV of BS were higher in organic solvent exposure group and work shift group as 2.51 and 3.07. Comparing the results in 2012 to those of 2008, cardiovascular disease risk in organic solvent exposure group was about 1.5 times higher than that of in the control group. Conclusion: Gradual increase in the CVD risk was identified in organic solvent exposure group. However, the risk might be influenced by shift work and bad behaviors rather than organic solvent exposure.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.234-239
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• 2012

Objective : Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a typical disease that is encountered frequently in neurosurgical practice. The medications which could cause coagulopathies were known as one of the risk factors of CSDH, such as anticoagulants (ACs) and antiplatelet agents (APs). Recently, the number of patients who are treated with ACs/APs is increasing, especially in the elderly population. With widespread use of these drugs, there is a need to study the changes in risk factors of CSDH patients. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 290 CSDH patients who underwent surgery at our institute between 1996 and 2010. We classified them into three groups according to the time of presentation (Group A : the remote period group, 1996-2000, Group B : the past period group, 2001-2005, and Group C : the recent period group, 2006-2010). Also, we performed the comparative analysis of independent risk factors between three groups. Results : Among the 290 patients, Group A included 71 patients (24.5%), Group B included 98 patients (33.8%) and Group C included 121 patients (41.7%). Three patients (4.2%) in Group A had a history of receiving ACs/APs, 8 patients (8.2%) in Group B, and 19 patients (15.7%) in Group C. Other factors such as head trauma, alcoholism, epilepsy, previous neurosurgery and underlying disease having bleeding tendency were also evaluated. In ACs/APs related cause of CSDH in Group C, significantly less proportion of the patients are associated with trauma or alcohol compared to the non-medication group. Conclusion : In this study, the authors concluded that ACs/APs have more importance as a risk factor of CSDH in the recent period compared to the past. Therefore, doctors should prescribe these medications carefully balancing the potential risk and benefit.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.233-247
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• 2012

There are so many studies on perceived risk and purchasing intention. But the results of those studies were inconsistent; some studies showed the positive effect of perceived risk on purchasing intention; others showed the negative effect. This research supposed that the inconsistence of studies resulted from the difference of group innovativeness and set up research hypotheses : among users from the lower innovativeness group, perceived risk has a negative effect on purchasing intention, but from the higher group, perceived risk has a positive effect on purchasing intention. We compared Internet shopping mall users of South Korea representing low innovativeness with those of China representing high innovativeness. The results provided that among South Korean users, perceived risk had the statistically insignificant negative effect on purchasing intention, but among Chinese users, it had the statistically significant positive effect on purchasing intention. Additionally, this study found that perceived risk influenced users' fun which in turn influenced purchasing intention.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.281-293
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• 1996

Breast cancer ranks as one of the major health problems of adult women. Studies have shown that Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is effective in detecting breast cancer in its early stages. To motivate women BSE practicing, a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was conducted. Women 40 years or older who participated in the public education program for BSE from March 11 to April 6, 1996, were randomized in an experimental group(N=50) which received a letter about the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal and in a control group(N=50) which didn't received a letter about the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal. After 6 months, a follow-up phone survey was taken on all participants to measure the effectiveness of the intervention. Collected data was analyzed by one, two, and three-way ANOVA with an SAS program. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The level of the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal of the subjects is high risk(17%), moderate risk(12%), boderline risk(14%), no increased risk (57%). 2. The intervention was effective in increasing the practice scores of BSE for women(F=5.12, P<.05). 3. BSE practice scores according to breast cancer risk appraisal level of the experimental group was not significantly increased after the intervention as contrasted with the control group (F=2.33, P>.05). 4. BSE practice scores according to educational level of the experimental group was significantly increased after the intervention, as contrasted with that of the control group (F=10.09, P<.001) .On the basis of this study it can be concluded that the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal increases practice of BSE.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.203-206
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• 2017

The seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis has been increasing in Korea, and it is controversial whether cats are an important infection source or not. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a high risk group (cat sitters) and to determine the possible importance of cats as an infection source in Korea. Risk factors, including the age, sex, and diet of cat sitters, their contact experience and contact frequency with stray cats, and origin, number, and outdoor activity of their pet cats, were analyzed using structured questionnaires. A total of 673 serum samples from people who have frequent contact with cats (high risk group) and 1,114 samples from general people (low risk group) were examined for specific IgG antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. The results revealed that the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 7.4% (n=1,787). The seroprevalence among low risk group was 8.0% (89/1,114), whereas that among high risk group was rather lower 6.4% (43/673), though this difference was statistically not significant (P=0.211). Among the risk factors, only the outdoor activity of pet cats was important; people having cats with outdoor activities revealed 2 times higher seroprevalence than people having cats with only indoor activities (P=0.027). In conclusion, the seroprevalence of T. gondii was not significantly different between the high risk group and low risk group, and the importance of cats as a source of infection in Korea is questionable.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.95-119
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shopping values(utilitarian and hedonic values) sought and the risks(economic, functional, socio-psychological, and privacy) perceived by consumers who participate in Internet auctions by determining the factors that affect their shopping values and risk perceptions. Empirical data were collected by an Internet survey of netizens who were interested in and had experience in Internet auctions. Questionnaires were distributed to the subjects through an Internet survey site and at an Internet auction cafe. A total of 300 questionnaires were analyzed. The results showed that consumers showed a slightly greater pursuit of a utilitarian value than a hedonic outcome in their Internet auction practices; however the outcomes pursued by consumers in their teens and twenties tended to be more hedonic than utilitarian. Consumers with a higher level of innovation, self-confidence in purchase, and need for information searching showed a greater pursuit of utilitarian and hedonic outcomes. The group of consumers with a higher expectation for legal protection pursued a more utilitarian outcome, whereas the group of consumers with higher influence from the reference group pursued a more hedonic outcome. The consumers showed that they perceived functional risk as boing most serious, followed by privacy risk, economic risk, and socio-psychological risk. Subjects with higher degrees of innovation, self-confidence in purchase and self-control perceived economic risk as critical. Functional risk was perceived to be highest in the group of consumers with self-control and a need for information searching, whereas socio-psychological risk was perceived to be highest in the group of consumers showing more self-control. Privacy risk was perceived to be highest in the group of consumers with a higher degree of innovation and lowest in both groups of higher and lower affection. Both economic and privacy risks were perceived to be lower in the group of lower pursuit of a hedonic outcome.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.105-128
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• 2005

The Purpose of the current study is to identify the differences between Samsung and Hyundai Group and the causes why the differences occurred. The study focuses on the founders of the two group as a main source of the differences, especially brain preference of the two founders. Two steps were employed to perform the study. Firstly, the two founders' characteristics were analyzed by using archival research. It was implicitly hypothesized that Group founders' characteristics explained the differences of the two Groups. It was found that the founder of Samsung Group, the late president Lee emphasized rationality, analysis, and cause/effect relationship and low risk taking, suggesting that he had left-brain preference. In contrast. the late president Chung, the founder of Hyundai Group, emphasized intuition, wholeness, contextual meaning, and risk taking, showing that he had right-brain preference. Secondly, a comparison between the two groups was performed in terms of business and financial risk in corporate portfolio, and management system. It was found that Hyundai Group was pursuing higher risk than Samsung Group. And it was observed that Samsung Group put more emphasis on formality in decision making and systematic control, and less emphasis on risk taking than Hyundai Group. From the two step research relationship between brian preference and management was reasoned. Research implications and limitations were discussed at the end of the study.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.421-433
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the relationships among blood-stasis. cardio-ankle vascular index(CAVI) and cardiovascular risk. Methods : We obtained general characteristics. blood-stasis score and CAVI from 150 stroke patients. Blood-stasis score was evaluated by blood-stasis criteria. Cardiovascular risk (the following. Stuart's risk score) was evaluated by Stuart's risk scoring scale. We divided subjects into a blood-stasis group and a non blood-stasis group by blood-stasis scores. high CAVI and normal CAVI groupsby CAVI. We compared the general characteristics. CAVI (excluded from comparison between high CAVI group and normal CAVI group), Stuart's risk score and blood-stasis score (excluded from comparison between blood-stasis group and non blood-stasis group) between each pair of groups. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to examine the relationship between blood stasis score and CAVI, blood stasis score and Stuart's risk score. CAVI and Stuart's risk score. Results : The blood-stasis group had significantly higher CAVI and Stuart's risk scores than the non blood stasis group. The high CAVI group had significantly higher blood-stasis score and Stuart's risk score than the normalCAVI group. In correlation analysis. there were significant positive relationship between blood stasis score and Stuart's risk score, CAVI and Stuart's risk score. and blood stasis score and CAVI. Conclusions : This study suggeststhat there is a significant relationship among blood stasis,CAVI and cardiovascular risk.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score ${\geq}1$) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.