• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.595-604
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• 2004

This study is to investigate complaining behavior of consumers who purchase fashion products on the internet, as well as to find how the complaining behaviors are related to the consumers' characteristics. The subjects of this study are limited to the consumers who have experienced dissatisfaction when purchasing fashion products through the internet. The questionnaires were administered to male and female respondents using the internet shopping mall. The results can be summarized as follows: The factor analysis shows that consumer complaining behaviors are fitted well into four factors(direct complaining behavior, private complaining behavior, third-party complaining behavior, and no response). In the difference analysis by consumer's complaining behavior styles and gender, private complaining and third-party complaining behavior were significant statistically. In the difference analysis between consumer's complaining behavior styles and internet self-efficacy. Internet self-efficacy was significantly different according to consumer's complaining behavior styles, especially for direct complaining, third-party complaining and no response. Private complaining behavior, third-party complaining behavior and no response were negatively related to consumer retention, while direct complaining behavior was not.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.722-727
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• 2005

Dow99Ca350 (Dowex monosphere 99Ca/350 separation resin), MFG-220, and Finex CS-10GC are ion-exchange resins, and primarily used to separate sugars, and all of these resins have poly styrene DVB backbone, and sulfonyl group. These resins are already used to separate sugars continuously at sugar industry at constant temperature. These resins are used in experiments for understanding temperature effect on retention or adsorption behavior. Using Dow99Ca350, swelling test, porosity test, pulse test, and frontal analysis at various temperatures were performed. In the cases of MFG-220, and Finex CS-10GC, the effect of temperature variation was verified by pulse test. The experimental results are shown that Dow99Ca350, MFG-220, and Finex CS-10GC, which are commercial resins for sugar separation, are stable to temperature variation because the maximum change of retention time of fructose, and glucose are 1.76, and 3.37％ respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1015-1024
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is 1) to analyse the bending property of the fused fabric and each component of the fused fabrics. 2) to examine the effect of fusing temperature on the bending property of the fused interlining and fused fabrics. 3) to examine the changes of B/W, 2HB/W and TAV of the fused fabrics according to the types of face fabric, interlining, fusing temperature. Five types of wool fabric, four types of shingosen fabric and four types of interlining were used for this study. The fusing condition in this study were the three types of fusing temperature of 10$0^{\circ}C$, 12$0^{\circ}C$, 14$0^{\circ}C$, the pressure of 4 kgㆍf/$cm^2$, and pressing time of 12 seconds. The results obtained from this study were as follows. 1) The bending rigidities and hysteresis of fabrics after fusing were increased. The bending behavior of fused fabrics were governed by the bending behavior of face fabric and interlinings and $\alpha$$_{B}$ values. 2) The KES standardized basic values of B/W and 2HB/W were increased after fusing. The B/Ws of fused fabrics were mainly determined by the $\alpha$$_{B}$ values of interlinings. The 2HB/Ws of fused fabrics seemed to be controlled by the fusing temperature. 3) The changes of TAVs of wool fused fabrics differed from those of shingosen fused fabrics. As the $\alpha$$_{B}$ values of fabric were larger and fusing temperature were increased, the TAVs of wool fused fabrics were smaller though those of shingosen fused fabrics were larger. 4) The TAVs of fused fabrics were highly correlated with the B/Ws of fused fabrics. In the case of wool fused fabrics, the TAVs of fused fabrics were negativly correlated with the 2HB/Ws of wool fabrics and used interlinings.nings.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.520-526
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• 1991

Retention behavior of lanthanides was studied on the dynamic system using dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid cation exchanger and tartaric acid as a complexing agent. The relations between logk' and log$[NH^{4+}]$/log[tartarate], and between logk' and logR showed good linearity in isocratic and gradient elution, respectively. In gradient elution of tartaric acid the slopes were increased as the initial concentrations were decreased. Column efficiencies and resolution of lanthanides on dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid equilibrated cation exchanger were found to be better in ${\alpha}$-hydroxyisobutyric acid eluent than in tartaric acid.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1819-1824
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• 2006

The general objective of the present study was to investigate the potential application of the UV spectroscopic method for determination of the polymeric additives present in papermaking fibrous stock solutions. The study also intended to establish the surface-chemical retention model associated with the adsorption kinetics of additives on fiber surfaces. Polyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet strength resin and imidazolinium quaternary (IZQ) softening agents were selected to evaluate the analytical method. Concentrations of PAE and IZQ in solution were proportional to the UV absorption at 314 and 400 nm, respectively. The time-dependent behavior of polymeric additives obeyed a mono-molecular layer adsorption as characterized in Langmuir-type expression. The kinetic modeling for polymeric adsorption on fiber surfaces was based on a concept that polymeric adsorption on fiber surfaces has two distinguishable stages including initial dynamic adsorption phase and the final near-equilibrium state. The simulation model predicted not only the real-time additive adsorption behavior for polymeric additives at high accuracy once the kinetic parameters were determined, but showed a good agreement with the experimental data. The spectroscopic method examined on the PAE and IZQ adsorption study could potentially be considered as an effective tool for the wet-end retention control as applied to the paper industry.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 1996

Objection of this study is to present the three-dimensional material nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete. A concrete is idealized with three-dimensional 16-node solid element including triaxial nonlinear stress-strain behavior, cracking, crushing and strain softening: a steel with three-dimensional 3 node truss element including elastic-plastic behavior with strain hardening. The cracked shear retention factor is introduced to estimate the effective shear modulus con sidering aggregate interlock after c:racking and a modified newton method is used to obtain a nu merical solution. Numerical results in a gauss point is displayed graphically. Numerical examples of Krahl's reinforced concrete beam and Hedgreds shell are selected to compare with the experimental and numerical results.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.303-307
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• 2003

The aim of this study is to investigate whether alcohol alters learning and memory processes pertaining to emotional and spatial factors using the active avoidance and T-maze task in zebrafish. In the active avoidance task, zebrafish were trained to escape from one compartment to another to avoid electric shocks (unconditioned stimulus) following a conditioned light signal. Acquisition of active avoidance task appeared to be normal in zebrafish that were treated with 1% alcohol for 30 min for 17 days until the end of the behavioral test, and retention ability of learned behavior, tested 2 days later, was the same as control group. In the T-maze task, the time to find a reservoir was compared. While the latency was similar during the 1 st training session between control and alcohol-treated zebrafish, it was significantly longer in alcohol-treated zebrafish during retention test 24 h later. Furthermore, when alcohol was treated 30 min after 2nd session without prior treatment, zebrafish demonstrated similar retention ability compared to control. These results suggest that chronic alcohol treatment alters spatial learning of zebrafish, but not emotional learning.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.798-803
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• 2019

The self-discharge behavior of zinc-air batteries is a critical issue induced by corrosion and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of zinc anode. The corrosion reaction and HER can be controlled by a gelling agent and concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. Various concentrations of KOH solution and polyacrylic acid have been used for gel electrolyte. The electrolyte solution is prepared with different concentrations of KOH (6 M, 7 M, 8 M, 9 M). Among studied materials, the cell assembled with 6 M KOH gel electrolyte exhibits the highest specific discharge capacity and poor capacity retention. Whereas, 9 M KOH gel electrolyte shows high capacity retention. However, a large amount of hydrogen gas is evolved with 9 M KOH solution. In general, the increase in concentration is related to ionic conductivity. At concentrations above 7 M, the viscosity increases and the conductivity decreases. As a result, compared to other studied materials, 7 M KOH gel electrolyte is suitable for Zn-air batteries because of its higher capacity retention (92.00 %) and specific discharge capacity (351.80 mAh/g) after 6 hr storage.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.233-236
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• 2000

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the most widely used microbial insecticide in the biological control market. Cultivation of the microorganism to high cell densities offers potential for enhancing the rate of formation as well as the concentration of the desired products In the fermentation broths in bioreactor. With this objective, we developed the new bioreactor incorporating ceramic membrane module for the retention of cell mass. Cell yield and spore formation of Bacillus thuringiensis was improved markedly by adopting this new bioreactor based on glucose -limited feeding operation. It was possible to grow the cell and the heat-resistant spore to above $1.2\;{\times}\;10^{10}\;CFU/ml$ density. With glucose-limited operation, we studied the growth behavior of Bacillus thuringiensis during the cell retention culture. Linear growth of Bacillus thuringiensis was observed under glucose-limited culture, which matched well with simple mathematical model of cell retention culture.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.519-527
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• 1995

The retention mechanism of Ni(II)-${\alpha}$-isonitroso-${\beta}$-diketone imine chelates in reversed-phase HPLC has been studied by examining the effect of temperature, mobile phase composition in acetonitrile-water mixture, and molecular structure on retention. The empirical retention equation was investigated to evaluate the properties of S (hydrophilic index). The value of the S index of the Ni(II) chelates decrease with the increasing column temperature and a linear relationship between S and log $k{_w}^{\prime}$ has been found. The results showed that the S index is influenced by the interaction between Ni(II) chelates and mobile phase. Molecular properties, van der Waals molar volume, polarizability and dipole moment, of the Ni(II) chelates were calculated by Cerius 2 program and the calculations were performed at Universal Force Field (UFF) model. The S value and log $k{_w}^{\prime}$ increase with decreasing the dipole moment of Ni(II) chelates.