• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.26-49
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to confirm the formation of hybrid layer and resin tags in dentin tissue and the possibility of bonding between luting cements used for the prosthesis and the resinous surface coated with resin bonding agents to prevent the dentin hypersensitivity after abutment preparation. Some resin bonding agents, which may have the possibility of bonding with polyacrylic acid as a liquid ingredient of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements, were selected. All-Blond desensitizer containing NTG-GMA and BPDM, Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA, and XR-bond containing organophosphate were selected as a coating agent. Dental cements were zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, and glass ionomer cement. After the exposed dentin surface of premolars was ethced with 10% phosphoric acid and coated with resin bonding agents, the morphology of treated surfaces and the resin tags and hybrid layers on sectioned surfaces were observed by SEM. Shear bond strength between the resin bonding agents and 3 kinds of cements was measured 24 hours after bonding. On the debonded surfaces of the shear bond strength tested specimens, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resin materials and cements were examined by SEM. Following conclusions were drawn : 1. Coating of dentin with resin bonding agents had no effect on the shear bond strength of zinc phosphate cement. 2. Both of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements showed the increased shear bond strength by the dentinal coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA. However, in the case of dentinal coating with some agents containing NTG-GMA and BPDM or organophosphate, polycarboxylate cement exhibited the lowered shear bond strength, and glass ionomer cement showed the unchanged shear bond strength. 3. Complete obstructions of dentinal tubules were observed on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer or XR-bond, but distinct shape of the orifices of dentinal tubules was observed consistently on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 4. The hybrid layer was thickest on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer, and the length of resin tags was longest on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 3. On the debonded specimens which had been bonded with polycarboxylate cement or glass ionomer cement after coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resinous surface and the cements could be examined.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.278-286
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to determine whether the push-out bond strengths between the radicular dentin and fiber reinforced-composite (FRC) posts with various resin cements decreased or not, according to the coronal, middle or apical level of the root. MATERIALS AND METHODS. FRC posts were cemented with one of five resin cement groups (RelyX Unicem: Uni, Contax with activator & LuxaCore-Dual: LuA, Contax & LuxaCore-Dual: Lu, Panavia F 2.0: PA, Super-Bond C&B: SB) into extracted human mandibular premolars. The roots were sliced into discs at the coronal, middle and apical levels. Push-out bond strength tests were performed with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and the failure aspect was analyzed. RESULTS. There were no significant differences (P>.05) in the bond strengths of the different resin cements at the coronal level, but there were significant differences in the bond strengths at the middle and apical levels (P<.05). Only the Uni and LuA cements did not show any significant decrease in their bond strengths at all the root levels (P>.05); all other groups had a significant decrease in bond strength at the middle or apical level (P<.05). The failure aspect was dominantly cohesive at the coronal level of all resin cements (P<.05), whereas it was dominantly adhesive at the apical level. CONCLUSION. All resin cement groups showed decreases in bond strengths at the middle or apical level except LuA and Uni.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.487-501
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• 1998

In the case of CAD/CAM ceramic inlay restorations, if isthmus width is widened too much, it may cause fracture of remaining tooth structure or loss of bonding at the luting interface because of excessive displacement of buccal or lingual cusps under occlusal loads. So to clarify the criterior of widening isthmus width, this study was designed to test the tensile bond strength and bond failure mode between dentin and ceramic cemented with luting composite resin cements. Cylindrical ceramic blocks(Vita Cerec Mark II, d=4mm) were bonded to buccal dentin of 40 freshly extracted third molars with 4 luting composite resin cements(group1 : Scotchbond Resin Cement/Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, group2 : Duolink Resin Cement/ All-Bond 2, group3: Bistite Resin Cement/Ceramics Primer, and group4:Superbond C&B). Tensile bond test was done under universal testing machine using bonding and measuring alignment blocks(${\phi}ilo$ & Urn, 1992). After immersion of fractured samples into 1 % methylene blue for 24 hours, failure mode was analysed under stereomicroscope and SEM. Results: The tensile bond strength of goup 1, 2 & 4 was $13.97{\pm}2.90$ MPa, $16.49{\pm}3.90$ MPa and $16.l7{\pm}4.32$ MPa, respectively. There was no statistical differences(p>0.05). But, group 3 showed significantly lower bond stregnth($5.98{\pm}1.l7$ MPa, p<0.05). In almost all samples, adhesive fractures between dentin and resin cements were observed. But, in group 1, 2 & 4, as bond strength increased, cohesive fracture within resin cement was observed simultaneously. And, in group 3, as bond strength decreased, cohesive fracture between hybrid layer and composite resin cement was also observed. Cohesive fracture within dentin and porcelain adhesive fracture were not observed. In conclusion, although adhesive cements were used in CAD/CAM -fabricated ceramic inlay restorations, the conservative priciples of cavity preparation must be obligated.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2016

PURPOSE. To investigate the void parameters within the resin cements used for fiber post cementation by micro-CT (${\mu}CT$) and regional push-out bonding strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty-one, single and round shaped roots were enlarged with a low-speed drill following by endodontic treatment. The roots were divided into three groups (n=7) and fiber posts were cemented with Maxcem Elite, Multilink N and Superbond C&B resin cements. Specimens were scanned using ${\mu}CT$ scanner at resolution of $13.7{\mu}m$. The number, area, and volume of voids between dentin and post were evaluated. A method of analysis based on the post segmentation was used, and coronal, middle and apical thirds considered separately. After the ${\mu}CT$ analysis, roots were embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned into 2 mm thick slices (63 sections in total). Push-out testing was performed with universal testing device at 0.5 mm/min cross-head speed. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. Overall, significant differences between the resin cements and the post level were observed in the void number, area, and volume (P<.05). Super-Bond C&B showed the most void formation ($44.86{\pm}22.71$). Multilink N showed the least void surface ($3.51{\pm}2.24mm^2$) and volume ($0.01{\pm}0.01mm^3$). Regional push-out bond strength of the cements was not different (P>.05). CONCLUSION. ${\mu}CT$ proved to be a powerful non-destructive 3D analysis tool for visualizing the void parameters. Multilink N had the lowest void parameters. When efficiency of all cements was evaluated, direct relationship between the post region and push-out bonding strength was not observed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.212-224
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare film thickness of five kinds of resin luting cements [Comspan, Panavia Ex, Maryland bridge adhesive, All-bond C & B cementation kit, and Super-bond C & B]. Zinc-phosphate cement and glass-ionomer cement were used as the control group. In order to measure the film thickness the methods used were in broad compliance with ADA Specification No. 8, a tapered-die system that simulates clinical conditions more closely, and the connected tapered-die system that simulates bridge conditions. The inorganic filler size of resin cements was also examined with scanning electron micrographs. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. The film thickness of resin cements was increased in the order of Comspan, Panavia Ex, Super-bond C & B, Maryland bridge adhesive, and All-bond C & B cementation kit. Maryland bridge adhesive and All-bond C & B cementation kit showed significantly higher film thickness than the control group(p<0.01). 2. For all resin cements, there was a significant difference of film thickness between the ADA method and the tapered-die system. Generally, the tapered-die system demonstrated lower film thickness than the ADA method(p<0.01). 3. There was no significant difference in film thickness between the tapered-die system and the tapered-die bridge system in all resin cements(p<0.01). 4. The scanning electron microscope showed that the cement with larger filler had a tendency to be higher in film thickness.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2013

PURPOSE. This study was to evaluate the effect of the solution temperature on the mechanical properties of dualcure resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS. For the study, five dual-cure resin cements were chosen and light cured. To evaluate the effect of temperature on the specimens, the light-cured specimens were immersed in deionized water at three different temperatures (4, 37 and $60^{\circ}C$) for 7 days. The control specimens were aged in a $37^{\circ}C$ dry and dark chamber for 24 hours. The mechanical properties of the light-cured specimens were evaluated using the Vickers hardness test, three-point bending test, and compression test, respectively. Both flexural and compressive properties were evaluated using a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed using a two way ANOVA with Tukey test to perform multiple comparisons (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. After immersion, the specimens showed significantly different microhardness, flexural, and compressive properties compared to the control case regardless of solution temperatures. Depending on the resin brand, the microhardness difference between the top and bottom surfaces ranged approximately 3.3-12.2%. Among the specimens, BisCem and Calibra showed the highest and lowest decrease of flexural strength, respectively. Also, Calibra and Multilink Automix showed the highest and lowest decrease of compressive strength, respectively compared to the control case. CONCLUSION. The examined dual-cure resin cements had compatible flexural and compressive properties with most methacrylate-based composite resins and the underlying dentin regardless of solution temperature. However, the effect of the solution temperature on the mechanical properties was not consistent and depended more on the resin brand.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.792-800
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptation of self-cured glass ionomer cement and resin-modified glass ionomer cement and polyacid-modified resin composite, which are light-cured giass ionomer cements, to dentin surface. Twelve extracted human maxillary and mandibular molar teeth were used in this study. The entire occlusal dentin surfaces of teeth were exposed with Diamond Wheel Saw and smoothed with sand papers (300, 600, 1200grits). They were randomly assigned into 3 groups according to glass ionomer cements used; Control group- Fuji II, Expeimental group 1 - Fuji II LC, Expeimental group 2 - Dyract. According to the manufacturer's directions, three glass ionomer cements were bonded to exposed dentin surfaces of the tooth crown and cured. Crowns and glass ionomers were trimmed after 24hrs and sectioned horizontally and vertically with diamond saw. The interface of glass ionomer cements and dentin was examined under SEM. The results were as follows : 1. Good adatation between glass ionomer cement and dentin on the horizontal section was showed in control and experimental group 1, but the gap of $20{\mu}m$, which was observed distinct separation between glass ionomer cement and dentin, was showed in experimental group 2. 2. Good adatation between glass ionomer cements and dentin on the vertical section was showed in control and experimental group 1, but the gap of 80-$100{\mu}m$ was showed in experimental group 2. 3. Cohesive fracture within glass ionomer cements in control and experimental group 1 was showed, but no cohesive fracture was showed in experimental group 2.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of different automixing resin cements and the shear bond strength on dentin. For this study, two self-adhesive automixing resin cement(Rely-X Unicem(3M ESPE, St. Paul, USA), Embrace resin cement(Pulpdent, Oakland, USA)) and one chemical polymerizing resin cement(Resiment Ready-Mix(J.L.Blosser Inc., Liberty Missouri, USA)) were used. To evaluate the physical properties, compressive strength, diametral tensile strength and flexural strength were measured. The specimens were fabricated using Teflon mould according to manufacturers' instructions and stored for 24 hours in an atmosphere of 100% humidity. To evaluate the shear bond strength on dentin, each cements were adhered to buccal dentinal surface of extracted human lower molars in 2mm diameter. Physical properties and shear bond strengths were measured using universal testing machine(Z010, Zwick GmbH, Ulm, Germany) at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The physical properties and shear bond strength of different automixing resin cements were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using One-way ANOVA test and Schffe post-hoc test at the 95% level of confidence. The result shows that chemical polymerizing automixing resin cement represents the relatively higher physical properties and shear bond strength than self-adhesive automixing resin cements.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.106-115
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$), failure modes and bonding interfaces of self-etching and three self-adhesive resin cements to dentin and indirect composite resin. Cylindrical composite blocks (Tescera, Bisco Inc.) were luted with resin cements (PA: Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Medical Inc., RE: RelyX Unicem Clicker, 3M ESPE., MA: Maxem, Kerr Co., BI: BisCem, Bisco Inc.) on the prepared occlusal dentin surfaces of 20 extracted molars. After storage in distilled water for 24 h, $1.0\;mm\;{\times}\;1.0\;mm$ composite-dentin beams were prepared. ${\mu}TBS$ was tested at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. Dentin sides of all fractured specimens and interfaces of resin cements-dentin or resin cements-composite were examined at FESEM (Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope). In conclusion, PA and RE showed higher bond strength and closer adaptation than MA and BI when indirect composite blocks were luted to dentin using a self-etching and three self-adhesive resin cements.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2014

Objectives: Extensively destroyed teeth are commonly restored with composite resin before cavity preparation for indirect restorations. The longevity of the restoration can be related to the proper bonding of the resin cement to the composite. This study aimed to evaluate the microshear bond strength of two self-adhesive resin cements to composite resin. Material and Methods: Composite discs were subject to one of six different surface pretreatments: none (control), 35% phosphoric acid etching for 30 seconds (PA), application of silane (silane), PA + silane, PA + adhesive, or PA + silane + adhesive (n = 6). A silicone mold containing a cylindrical orifice ($1mm^2$ diameter) was placed over the composite resin. RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE) or BisCem (Bisco Inc.) self-adhesive resin cement was inserted into the orifices and light-cured. Self-adhesive cement cylinders were submitted to shear loading. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: Independent of the cement used, the PA + Silane + Adhesive group showed higher microshear bond strength than those of the PA and PA + Silane groups. There was no difference among the other treatments. Unicem presented higher bond strength than BisCem for all experimental conditions. Conclusions: Pretreatments of the composite resin surface might have an effect on the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to this substrate.