• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.379-386
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Resin cements are widely used in adhesive dentistry specially on all ceramic restorations. It is needed to find out adequate bonding strength between different porcelain surface treatments, commercially available porcelains, and different resin cement systems. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of resin cements bonded to porcelains in three different modalities; 5 different porcelain surface treatments, 3 different resin cement systems and 3 different commercially available pressable porcelains. Material and Method. This study consisted of 3 parts. Part I examined the effect of five different surface treatments on the pressable porcelain. Fifty discs (5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height) of Authentic porcelain were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10). The specimens were sanded with 320 grit SiC paper followed by 600 grit SiC paper. The specimens were treated as follow: Group 1-Sandblasting (aluminum oxide) only, Group 2 - sandblasting/ silane, Group 3 - sandblasting/ acid etching/ silane, Group 4 - acid etching only, Group 5 - acid etching/ silane. Part II examined the shear bond strength of 3 different resin cement systems (Duolink, Variolink II, Rely X ARC) on acid etching/ silane treated Authentic pressable porcelain. Part 3 examined the shear bond strength of Duolink resin cement on 3 different pressable porcelains (Authentic, Empress I, Finesse). All cemented specimens were stored in distilled water for 2 hours and tested with Ultradent shear bond strength test jig under Universal Instron machine until fracture. An analysis of variance(ANOVA) test was used to evaluate differences in shear bond strength. Result. The shear bond strength test resulted in the following: (1) Acid etched porcelains recorded greater shear bond strength values to the sandblasted porcelains. (2) Silane treated porcelains recorded greater shear bond strength values to non-silane treated porcelains. (3) There was no significant difference between sandblasting/ acid etching/ silane treated and acid etching/ silane treated porcelains. However those values were much higher than other three groups. (4) The shear bond strength with Variolink II was lower than the value of Duolink or Rely X ARC. (5) The shear bond strength of Finesse was lower than the value of Authentic or Empress I.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2002

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic vibration on margin types and cements by comparing bond strength of cemented crown. In this study, margins of each metal die, which were chamfer, shoulder and shoulder with bevel, were prepared using computer milling machine. Specimens were cemented with zinc phosphate cement or resin cement. The specimens were divided by the finish line and cement used, ultrasonic vibration. I made total 84 specimens. All specimens were divided into two groups. One group was not vibrated, the other group was subjected to ultrasonic vibration for 12 minutes. Tensile bond strength was measured using Universial testing machine. The changes of bond strength in groups were statistically analyzed by t-test or One-way ANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. Ultrasonic instrumentation diminished the bond strength of crown cemented with zinc phosphate cement and resin cement after 12 minutes application. 2. In case of zinc phosphate cement, the bond strength of a vibrated group was showed significantly decreased(p<0.05). In vibrated groups with zinc phosphate cement, shoulder with bevel exhibit a significant difference to chamfer and shoulder(p<0.05) 3. Resin cement was more resistant to ultrasonic vibration than zinc phosphate cement and showed no significant differences according to ultrasonic vibration and margin type. In conclusion, These results revealed that zinc phosphate cement was most affected and resin cement was the least affected by ultrasonic vibration. Especially shoulder with bevel design was most affected in zinc phosphate cement groups. we should consider these results and be taken in the application of ultrasonic vibration to any teeth restored with crowns.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.114-125
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• 2023

PURPOSE. The aim of the study was to evaluate the optical properties of new generation (3Y-TZP) monolithic zirconia (MZ) with different abutment types and resin cement shades. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A1/LT MZ specimens were prepared (10 × 12 × 1 mm, N = 30) and divided into 3 groups according to cement shades as transparent (Tr), yellow (Y) and opaque (O). Abutment specimens were obtained from 4 different materials including zirconia (Group Z), hybrid (Group H), titanium (Group T) and anodized yellow titanium (Group AT). MZ and abutment specimens were then cemented. L^*, a^*, and b^* parameters were obtained from MZ, MZ + abutment, and MZ + abutment + cement. ∆E₀₀₁^* (between MZ and MZ + abutment), ∆E₀₀₂^* (between MZ and MZ + abutment + cement) and ∆E₀₀₃^* (between MZ + abutment and MZ + abutment + cement) values were calculated. Statistical analyses included 2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, and Paired Sample t-Tests (P < .05). RESULTS. Abutment types and resin cements had significant effect on L^*, a^*, b^*, ∆E₀₀₁^*, ∆E₀₀₂^*, and ∆E₀₀₃^* values (P < .001). Without cementation, whereas zirconia abutment resulted in the least discoloration (∆E₀₀₁^* = 0.68), titanium abutment caused the most discoloration (∆E₀₀₁^* = 4.99). The least ∆E₀₀₂^* = 0.68 value was seen using zirconia abutment after cementation with yellow shaded cement. Opaque shaded cement caused the most color change (∆E₀₀₃^* = 5.24). Cement application increased the L^* values in all groups. CONCLUSION. The least color change with/without cement was observed in crown configurations created with zirconia abutments. Zirconia and hybrid abutments produced significantly lower ∆E₀₀₂^* and ∆E₀₀₃^* values in combination with yellow shaded cement. The usage of opaque shaded cement in titanium/anodized titanium groups may enable the clinically unacceptable ∆E₀₀^* value to reach the acceptable level.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.447-452
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• 2017

PURPOSE. To evaluate the sealing performance of Hybrid Coat and its influence on the shear bond strength of five dentin surface cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Six premolars were pretreated to expose the dentin surface prior to the application of Hybrid Coat. The microscopic characteristics of the dentinal surfaces were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, 40 premolars were sectioned longitudinally, and 80 semi-sections were divided into a control group (untreated) and a study group (treated by Hybrid Coat). Alloy restoration was bonded to the teeth specimen using five different cements. Shear bond strength was measured by the universal testing machine. The fracture patterns and the adhesive interface were observed using a stereomicroscope. RESULTS. SEM revealed that the lumens of dentinal tubules were completely occluded by Hybrid Coat. The Hybrid Coat significantly improved the shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and resin cement (RC) but weakened the performance of zinc phosphate cement (ZPC), zinc polycarboxylate cement (ZPCC) and glass ionomer cement (GIC). CONCLUSION. Hybrid Coat is an effective dentinal tubule sealant, and therefore its combined use with resin or resin-modified glass ionomer cements can be applied for the prostheses attachment purpose.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.410-418
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• 2000

An in vitro study was performed to evaluate the effect of four variables on the temperature rise produced by polishing of restorations. The four variables were : restorative material, base, thickness of remaining dentin, continuous polishing or intermittent polishing. Class V cavities were cut on extracted molar and restored with composite resin, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, compomer, amalgam on the various bases (glass ionomer cement, zinc oxide eugenol cement, zinc phosphate cement) Dentin thickness under the restoration was 0.5mm, 1.5mm. Polishing was done with an aluminum oxide-coated disc. Polishing time was continuous or intermittent for up to 1 minute. Intra-pulpal temperature increased almost linearly in all cases. Amalgam produced highest temperature rises at the pulp, while the composite resin, resin-modified glass ionomer cement and compomer were not different for each other. The rate and extent of temperature rising of amalgam restoration was reduced by presence of a cement base. Zinc oxide eugenol cement bases showed the highest temperature rise, while glass ionomer cement, zinc phosphate cement were not different to the untreated tooth Thickness of remaining dentin was only significant for the amalgam restoration. Continuous polishing produced higher temperature rise than intermittent polishing.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2014

Objectives: Extensively destroyed teeth are commonly restored with composite resin before cavity preparation for indirect restorations. The longevity of the restoration can be related to the proper bonding of the resin cement to the composite. This study aimed to evaluate the microshear bond strength of two self-adhesive resin cements to composite resin. Material and Methods: Composite discs were subject to one of six different surface pretreatments: none (control), 35% phosphoric acid etching for 30 seconds (PA), application of silane (silane), PA + silane, PA + adhesive, or PA + silane + adhesive (n = 6). A silicone mold containing a cylindrical orifice ($1mm^2$ diameter) was placed over the composite resin. RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE) or BisCem (Bisco Inc.) self-adhesive resin cement was inserted into the orifices and light-cured. Self-adhesive cement cylinders were submitted to shear loading. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: Independent of the cement used, the PA + Silane + Adhesive group showed higher microshear bond strength than those of the PA and PA + Silane groups. There was no difference among the other treatments. Unicem presented higher bond strength than BisCem for all experimental conditions. Conclusions: Pretreatments of the composite resin surface might have an effect on the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements to this substrate.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.246-257
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• 2021

PURPOSE. This study aimed to investigate the Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) of light- and dual cured resin cements cured through monolithic zirconia specimens (VITA YZ) of various translucencies: translucent (T); high translucent (HT); super translucent (ST); and extra translucent (XT) at 0, 24, and 48 h after curing. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four zirconia specimens from each translucency were prepared. Two light-cured resin cements (Variolink N LC; VL and RelyX Veneer; RL) and two dual-cured resin cements (Variolink N DC; VD and RelyX U200; RD) were used. The cement was mixed and loaded in a mold and cured for 20 s through the zirconia specimen. The upper surface of cements was tested for VHN using a microhardness tester at 0, 24, and 48 h after curing. The VHN were analyzed using two-way repeated, Brown-Forsythe ANOVA with Games Howell post-hoc analysis and independent t-tests (P < .05). RESULTS. All cements showed significantly higher VHN from 0 h to 24 h (P < .001). At 48 h, the VHN of light-cured cements were significantly lower when cured under the T groups than under XT groups (P = .001 in VL, P = .014 in RL). At each post curing time of each translucency, VD showed higher VHN than VL (P < .05), and RD also showed higher VHN than RL (P < .05). CONCLUSION. The translucency of zirconia has an effect on the VHN for light-cured resin cements, but has no effect on dual-cured resin cements. Dual-cured resin cement exhibited higher VHN than the light-cured resin cement from the same manufacturer. All resin cements showed significantly higher VHN from 0 h to 24 h.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the retention of complete cast crown over amalgam ores, composite resin cores, and cast gold cores when cemented with three different luting agents. Eighteen core specimens each of amalgam(Bestaloy, Dong Myung, Seoul, Korea), composite resin (Z100, 3M Dental product, st. Paul, Minn) and type IV gold alloy (Ba-4, Heesung Engelhard Corp., Korea) were made in a customized milling stainless steel die. A wax pattern with a loop attached to occlusal surface was made for each core and a type II gold alloy casting was fabricated. The castings which had clinically acceptable marginal fit were used as test samples. The following luting cements were used to cement cast crowns on each core material : (1) zinc phosphate cement (Confi-dental Products Co., USA) (2) glass-ionomer cement (Fuji Plus, GC Industrial Corp., Tokyo, Japan) (3) resin cement (Panavia 21, Kuraray Co., USA). All cements were mixed according to manufacturers' instructions. A static load of 5kg was then applied for 10 minutes on the crowns. All specimens were stored in saline solution for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and thermocycled for 500 cycles. After storage and cycling, the tensile bond strengths were measured by using a universal testing machine (Instron Corp., Canton, Mass.) at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The results were as follows 1. The retentive strength of resin cement was the highest of alt three types of cement for resin core (p<0.05). 2. There was no statistical difference among the retentive strengths of three cements for amalgam core (p>0.05). 3. The retentive strength of resin cement was higher than that of zinc phosphate for cast core, but there was no difference between the retentive strength of glass ionomer cement and those of rein and zinc phosphate cement. 4. The retentive strength of the zinc phosphate cement for amalgam core was the highest of all type of cores.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.743-752
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• 2007

Statement of problem. The aims of the study were to evaluate the effect of current surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of a resin composite luting cement bonded to ceramic surfaces and to identify the optimum cement type. Material and methods. The sixty zirconia ceramic specimens(10 per group) with EVEREST milling machine and 60 tooth block were made. The zirconia ceramic surface was divided into two groups according to surface treatment: (1) airborne abrasion with $110{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide particles; (2) Rocatec system, tribochemical silica coating. The zirconia ceramic specimens were cemented to tooth block using resin cements. The tested resin cements were Rely X ARC, Panavia F and Superbond C&B. Each specimen was mount in a jig of the universal testing machine for shear strength. The results were subjected to 2-way ANOVA and Post hoc tests was performed using Tukey, Scheffe, and Bonferroni test. Results. The mean value of shear bond strength(MPa) were as follows: $$RelyXARC(+Al_2O_3),5.35{\pm}1.69$$; $$RelyXARC(+Rocatec),8.50{\pm}2.13$$; $$PanaviaF(+Al_2O_3),9.58{\pm}1.13$$; $$PanaviaF(+Rocatec),12.98{\pm}1.71$$; $$SuperbondC&B(+Al_2O_3)8.27{\pm}2.04$$; $$SuperbondC&B(+Rocatec),14.46{\pm}2.39$$. There was a significant increase in the shear bond strength when the ceramic surface was subjected to the tribochemical treatment(Rocatec 3M) in all cement groups(P<0.05). Bonding strengths of cements applied to samples treated with $Al_2O_3$ were compared; Rely X ARC showed the lowest values, whereas Panavia F cement showed higher value than that of Superbond C&B group with no statistical significance. When the bond strength of cements with of Rocatec treatment was compared, Rely X ARC showed lowest values. Overall, it was apparent that tribochemical treated Super-Bond possessed higher mean bond strength (14.46MPa; P<0.05) than that of Panavia F cement group with no significance. Conclusions. Silica coating followed silanization(Rocatec treatment) increase the bond strength between resin cement and zirconia ceramic. Panavia F containing phosphate monomer and Superbond C&B comprised of 4-META tend to bond chemically with zirconia ceramic, thus demonstrating higher bond strength compared to BisGMA resin cement. Superbond C&B has shown to have highest value of bonding strength to zirconia ceramic after Rocatec treatment compared to other cement.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.438-447
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• 1996

This study was performed to determine the failure strength and pattern of implant prosthesis luted with resin cement between gold cylinder and superstructure, and to evaluate the bonding strength of resin cement. To evaluate failure strength and pattern, the groups were divided into 2. Group 1 : Casted gold cylinder Group 2 : Luted with resin cement between gold cylinder ans superstructure. To evaluate effects of the bonding strength of the implant prosthesis luted with resin cement according to storage condition, the groups were divided into 3 : Group A : Stored in waste at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Group B : 1000 cycles thermocycled between $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$ in water. Group C : Stored in water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The results were as follows. 1. Failure was found at gold screw in all specimens of group 1 & 2. 2. The bond strength in group 1 and 2 was 189.86 and 188.14kgf. There was no statistically significant difference between group 1 and 2(P>0.05). 3. The bond strength of group A, B and C was 53.28, 45,86 and 39.29Kgf. There result suggest the advantage of an improved fit of superstructure to the abutment and a simple procedure. But there was a measurable decrease of the bond strength according to storage condition. So, Further research is necessary to evaluate of the implant prosthesis luted with resin cement between gold cylinder and superstructure.