• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2021

Ultra high strength concrete (UHSC) originally proposed by Richards and Cheyrezy (1995) composed of cement, silica fume, quartz sand, quartz powder, steel fibers, superplasticizer etc. Later, other ingredients such as fly ash, GGBS, metakaoline, copper slag, fine aggregate of different sizes have been added to original UHSC. In the present investigation, the combined effect of coarse aggregate (6mm - 10mm) and steel fibers (0.50%, 1.0% and 1.5%) has been studied on UHSC mixes to evaluate mechanical and fracture properties. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were determined for the three UHSC mixes. Size dependent fracture energy was evaluated by using RILEM work of fracture and size independent fracture energy was evaluated by using (i) RILEM work of fracture with tail correction to load - deflection plot (ii) boundary effect method. The constitutive relationship between the residual stress carrying capacity (σ) and the corresponding crack opening (w) has been constructed in an inverse manner based on the concept of a non-linear hinge from the load-crack mouth opening plots of notched three-point bend beams. It was found that (i) the size independent fracture energy obtained by using above two approaches yielded similar value and (ii) tensile stress increases with the increase of % of fibers. These two fracture properties will be very much useful for the analysis of cracked concrete structural components.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.353-369
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• 2022

In this paper, a new sensor chip with frequency reconstruction range of 2.252 GHz ~ 2.450 GHz is designed and fabricated. On this basis, a self-designed "T-shaped" shell is added to overcome the disadvantage of uneven deformation of the traditional steel shell, and the range of the sensor chip is expanded to 0 kN ~ 96 kN. The liquid metal antenna is used to carry out a step-by-step loading test, and the relationship between the antenna resonance frequency and the pressure load is analyzed. The results show that there is a good linear relationship between the pressure load and the resonant frequency. Therefore, the liquid metal antenna can be regarded as a pressure sensor. The cyclic loading and unloading experiments of the sensor are carried out, and different loading rates are used to explore the influence on the performance of the sensor. The loading and unloading characteristic curves and the influence characteristic curves of loading rate are plotted. The experimental results show that the sensor has no residual deformation during the cycle of loading and unloading. Moreover, the influence of temperature on the performance of the sensor is studied, and the temperature correction formula is derived.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.27.3-27.3
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• 2021

Supernova (SN) cosmology is based on the assumption that the width-luminosity relation (WLR) in the type Ia SN luminosity standardization would not vary with progenitor age. Unlike this expectation, recent age datings of stellar populations in host galaxies have shown significant correlations between progenitor age and Hubble residual (HR). It was not clear, however, how this correlation arises from the SN luminosity standardization process, and how this would impact the cosmological result. Here we show that this correlation originates from a strong progenitor age dependence of the WLR and color-luminosity relation (CLR), in the sense that SNe from younger progenitors are fainter each at given light-curve parameters x1 and c. This is reminiscent of Baade's discovery of two Cepheid period-luminosity relations, and, as such, causes a serious systematic bias with redshift in SN cosmology. We illustrate that the differences between the high-z and low-z SNe in the WLR and CLR, and in HR after the standardization, are fully comparable to those between the correspondingly young and old SNe at intermediate redshift, indicating that the observed dimming of SNe with redshift is most likely an artifact of over-correction in the luminosity standardization. When this systematic bias with redshift is properly taken into account, there is no evidence left for an accelerating universe, and the SN data now support a decelerating cosmic expansion. Since the SN cosmology has long been considered as the most direct evidence for an accelerating universe with dark energy, this finding poses a serious question to one of the cornerstones of the concordance model.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2024

In this paper, a test bed for real-time network Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) research was constructed using reference stations of the NGII. A group of candidate station networks was derived, including three stations in Seoul. The group consisted of four stations with a distance of less than 100 km between them. Among several candidates, a network composed of stations with short distances between them and demonstrating good data quality for all reference stations was selected as the test bed. After collecting real-time data in Radio Technical Committee for Maritime services (RTCM) format from the selected stations and conducting a noise analysis on measurements, mm-level carrier phase measurement noise was confirmed. Afterwards, the user set the reference station inside the test bed and analyzed the network RTK positioning performance of the MAC method using the GPS L1 frequency as post-processing. From the result of the analysis it was confirmed that the residual error for all users was within 10 cm after applying the correction. Additionally, after determining integer ambiguities through Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA), it was confirmed that the fix rate was 100%, and all ambiguities were resolved as true values.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2014

Purpose: Reconstructive surgeries for equinocavovarus foot deformities are quite variable, including hind-midfoot osteotomy or arthrodesis, soft tissue procedure, tendon transfers, etc. Comprehensive evaluation of the deformity and its etiology is mandatory for achievement of successful deformity correction. Few studies in this field have been reported. We report on the clinical and radiographic outcome of reconstruction for cavovarus foot deformities. Materials and Methods: The study is based on 16 feet with cavovarus foot deformities that underwent bony and soft tissue reconstructive surgery from 2004 to 2008. We evaluated the etiologies, varieties of surgical procedures performed, pain score, functional scores, and patient satisfaction and measured the radiographic parameters. Results: The average age at the time of surgery was 39.4 years old, with a male/female ratio of 9/4 and an average follow-up period of 23.9 months (range, 12~49 months). The etiologies of the cavovarus deformity were idiopathic 7 feet, residual poliomyelitis 5 feet, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2 feet, and Guillain-Barre syndrome and hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular accident sequela 1 foot each. Lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomies were performed in 12 feet (75%), followed by Achilles tendon lengthening and plantar fascia release in 11 feet (69%), and first metatarsal dorsiflexion osteotomy/arthrodesis and tendon transfer in 10 feet (63%). Visual analogue scale pain score showed improvement, from an average of 4.2 to 0.5 points. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score showed significant improvement, from 47.8 to 90.0 points (p<0.05). All patients were satisfied. Ankle range of motion improved from $27.5^{\circ}$ to $46.7^{\circ}$. In radiographic measurements, calcaneal pitch angle improved from $19.1^{\circ}$ to $15.8^{\circ}$, Meary angle from $13.0^{\circ}$ to $9.3^{\circ}$, Hibb's angle from $44.3^{\circ}$ to $37.0^{\circ}$, and tibio-calcaneal axis angle from varus $17.5^{\circ}$ to varus $1.5^{\circ}$ Conclusion: We achieved successful correction of cavovarus foot deformities by performing appropriate comprehensive reconstructive procedures with improved functional, radiographic measures and high patient satisfaction.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2011

스마트폰 사용자의 증가와 함께 다양한 응용분야에서 정밀한 3차원 위치정보가 요구되고 있다. 단일 주파수 민간용 코드 자료를 이용한 위치결정 정확도는 10m 내외이지만, 향후 스마트폰 응용프로그램은 서브미터 수준의 위치정확도를 안정적으로 확보할 필요가 있다. 따라서 일반적인 절대측위 대신 가상기준점을 기반으로 하는 상대측위 방식을 적용하였으며, 면보정계수를 이용하여 이중차분 오차를 보정하였다. 가상기준점은 로버 가까운 지점에 설정하고, 주 기준점 관측자료를 바탕으로 기하학적인 거리를 반영하였다. 이중차분으로 제거되지 않은 오차는 일반적으로 기선거리와 비례하므로, 로버 외부의 상시관측소 네트워크를 평면에 접합하여 면보정계수를 추정하였다. 이중차분 오차를 보정한 가상기준점과 로버의 24시간 C/A 코드 자료를 이용한 로버의 위치측정 결과 위도, 경도방향의 평균제곱근(RMS) 오차가 각각 37cm, 28cm 였으며, 높이 방향의 오차는 76cm 수준이었다. 또한 평면좌표의 성분별 오차는 전체의 약 90%에서 ${\pm}0.5m$ 이내의 결과를 보였으며, 특히 네트워크 기반의 오차모델링을 통해 평면좌표의 바이어스가 2-3cm 수준으로 크게 향상되었다. 따라서 가상기준점과 이중차분 오차모델링을 통해 단일 주파수코드 자료로부터 안정적인 서브미터 정확도의 위치결정이 가능하다.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.52-57
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• 2018

With the recent strengthening of environmental regulations and the need for cost reduction, excavators, a type of construction equipment, are being miniaturized while components are being developed in consideration of stability. In the case of excavator press parts, mainly high-strength steel sheets are being used to enhance stability and reduce weight. However, in the case of high-strength materials, there is a need to research product forming methods to reduce Springback in defects arising in parts assembly due to Springback that result from the internal residual stress that occurs in press forming being released after product forming. Accordingly, regarding the tank cover, an excavator press-forming part, this study selected a method to reduce distortion through analysis of the Springback occurrence rate and Springback causes through a forming analysis. A forming analysis was conducted for the Springback of the tank cover. Deformations of 13.714 mm in the upper part and 6.244 mm in the inner part of the product occurred, while wrinkles occurred on the sides of the product due to uneven thickness. A forming analysis was conducted for the major shapes of the product to investigate the causes of Springback. Distortion deformation due to the bead in the center of the product was confirmed to be a large factor. A Springback reduction method of correcting uneven thickness in the product sides, a Springback reduction method of removing the bead, and a correction method of restriking after the final forming were used in a forming analysis to determine the degree of Springback reduction. For the forming method to correct uneven thickness in the sides, deformation was reduced by 12% in the upper side compared to the existing model, but deformation in the inner side increased by 1%. For the restriking forming method, deformation decreased by 25% in the upper side and 13% in the inner side. For the bead removal method, deformation decreased by 28% in the upper side and 13% in the inner side, the largest Springback correction results. This indicates that the bead has a large affect on Springback.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.474-493
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• 1999

According to repeated measurements and correction procedures, the accuracy of the phase-shifting profilometry was developed. At first, after 20 final models for maxillary complete denture were duplicated , the mucosa sur-faces of models were measured with the phase-shifting proflometry and each mirror view of these was calibrated. Maxillary casts were divided into 4 groups of 5 casts per each, and wax dentures with 2 sheets of baseplate wax and artificial teeth were made and then cured according to the curing method of each group. Group I ; quick curing with QC-20 acrylic resin Group II ; 9 hour curing with QC-20 acrylic resin Group III ; SR-Ivocap system Group IV ; metal base and quick curing with QC-20 acrylic resin. After curing, polishing, and storing at $37^{\circ}C$ in saline for 30 days, the forms of the impression surface of the dentures were measured with the phase-shifting profilometry. Then, the impression surface form of each denture was placed in the optimal position of com-parison with the mirror view of the same final cast. The amount and direction of distortion of each denture was analyzed and the effects of polishing and storage in each denture were compared, The obtained results were as follows : 1. In Group I, the denture was observed as the appearance distorted in the opposite direction of the mucosa and the postero-lateral part of palatal portion of the denture was observed as the appearance separated from the mucosa. Also, the buccal flanges of the denture were observed as the appearance distorted in the direction of the mucosa. 2. In Group II, the postero-lateral part of palatal portion of the denture was observed as the appearance separated slightly from the mucosa. The bilateral buccal flanges of denture were observed as the appearance distorted severely in the direction of the mucosa. 3. In Group III the bilateral part of the residual ridge crest portions and the buccal flanges of the denture were observed as the appearance distorted in the direction of the mucosa, and specially, the buccal flanges of the maxillary tuberosities were distorted severely. 4. In Group IV, the acrylic resin base of the buccal portion of the denture was observed as the appearance distorted in the opposite direction of the mucosa. 5. The phase-shifting profilometry, done with repeated measurements and correction procedures, was effective in comparing the amount and direction of distortion at every position after the laboratory work and the delivery of maxillary complete denture.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1197-1201
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• 1996

인제대학교 의과대학 서울백병원 흉부외과학교실에서는 1987년 10월부터 1995년 12월까지 20세 이상의 성인 팔로사징후 9례에서 완전교정술을 시행하였다. 환자는 남자 5례, 여자 4례로 연령은 22세에서 42세까지였고 평균 29.6세였다. NYHA에 의한 기능적 분류는 Class II가 3례, Class III가 6례였고, 혈색소치는 10.8 ∼ 20.7 gm/㎗(평균 15.6 gm/㎗)였다. 술전임상 증상 및 징후는 청색증 8례, 운동시 호흡곤란 6례, 곤봉수지 5례, 잦은 상기도 감염 3례 였다. 폐동맥판 및 누두부협착이 모든 예에서 있었고, 2례에서는 좌측폐동맥에 발육부전이 있었다. 우심실유출로 협착에 대한 수술은 7례에서는 누두부절제술 및 판막절개술후 누두부에만 Goretex 첩포를 대어 확장술을 하였고, 2례에서는 누두부절제술과 판막절개술후 폐동맥 판막륜이 작아 이를 절개하여 주폐동맥까지 Goretex 첩포를 대어 확장하였다. 좌측 폐동맥에 발육부전이 있는 2례에서는 자가심낭편을 이용하여 폐동맥성형술을 하였다. 술후 사망환자는 없었고 합병증은 6례에서 발생하였는데 출혈이 가장 많아 5례에서 있었고 저심박출증 4례(44.4%)였다. 1례에서 일차수술 3개월후 잔존 심실중격결손과 삼첨판폐쇄부전이 있어 재수술을 하였다. 평균 추적관찰기간은 평균 25개월(범위, 11∼77개월)이었다. 술후 모든 환자는 NYHA class I이었다. 따라서 팔로사징후에서 나이가 들었다는 자체가 수술의 금기는 아니며, 성인 팔로사징후는 사망률도 낮으므로 완전교정이 가능하다고 사료된다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.475-483
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 Network RTK 보정정보를 사용자에 적용 시, 다중 기준국 보정정보 모델링 방식에 따른 사용자 성능 비교를 수행하였다. 기준국과 사용자 거리가 멀어질수록 사용자와 기준국의 GPS 오차요소 상관성이 감소하므로, 이와 같은 GPS 오차요소의 공간적 특성에 입각하여 다수의 네트워크 보정정보를 적절히 조합하여 사용자에 적용해주어야 한다. 기존에 기준국간 수평 거리 및 고도를 활용한 다양한 보정정보 모델링 방식을 활용하여, MAC 방식의 Compact Network RTK에 적용 가능한지 이론적으로 분석하였다. 한국 내 설치된 상시 기준국에서 습득한 실측 GPS 데이터를 활용하여, 서울대학교에서 제안한 Compact RTK와 기존의 Network RTK가 결합된 방식인 Compact Network RTK 사용자에 대해 각 모델링 방식 별 사용자 성능을 측정치 잔여오차 및 위치 정확도 예측치 관점에서 비교 및 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 각 보정정보 모델링 방식에 대해 사용자 수평 위치 정확도 예측치의 경우 모두 2DRMS 5 cm 이내의 정확도를 보였고, 수직 위치 정확도 예측치의 경우 모두 95 % 신뢰도로 7 cm 이내의 정확도를 나타내었다. 또한, 기존 보정정보 모델 방식 중, 기준국간 고도 차이를 사용한 모델링 방법의 적용 가능 기준국 배치 조건에 대해 분석하였다.