• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.106-124
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• 2022

This study examined whether the social support (emotional support, information support) provided by customers through chatbot service affects the satisfaction of chatbot service felt by customers and whether the satisfaction of chatbot service affects loyalty and intention to continue using chatbot service. In order to confirm the moderating effect of social presence of chatbot service, a total of 300 effective data were obtained by conducting an online survey divided into a group that recognizes social presence highly and a group that recognizes low. As a result of the analysis, the path from emotional support to satisfaction of chatbot service was supported in the group that recognized social presence highly, and the path from emotional support to satisfaction of chatbot service was not supported in the group that recognized social presence low, and the difference was confirmed in the hypothesis path coefficient. This is interpreted as the social presence affecting human emotional response.This study can provide implications for the function of social presence of chatbot service in that it applied information support and emotional support, which are two factors of social support, to chatbot service, and demonstrated the relationship between satisfaction, loyalty, and continuous use according to the degree of social presence of chatbot users.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2022

This study aims to examine the relationship between the economic, environmental and social activities of sustainable supply chains and the customer satisfaction and customer retention rate, which are the final results in the supplier's operational performance and the buyer's market performance. The survey was conducted on employees in charge of supply chain management, purchasing company, partner company, and logistics management in the company. The final 193 valid data were analyzed to verify the research hypothesis. The results of the study showed that the economic and social activities of the sustainable supply chain had a positive effect on the supplier performance and the purchaser performance, but environmental activities had a negative effect on the supplier performance. In addition, the purchasing company performance has a positive effect on customer satisfaction and customer retention rate. This study provides a theoretical basis for sustainable supply chain activities to affect the operating performance of suppliers and the market performance of buyers, and suggests implications for enhancing the competitiveness of companies through the performance creation process that affects customer performance.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.21-36
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• 2022

Purpose - Carbon emission standards are based on the "production-based carbon emissions" generated by the production of goods in the relevant country which were the existing measurement methods. However, can such carbon emissions measurement standards be established international? For example, some of the goods produced in developing countries are produced for the demand of developed countries. The method of measuring carbon emission based on the final demand of a certain country is called "consumption-based carbon emissions." This study compares productionand consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth in ninety-three countries categorized by income level. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the difference between production- and consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth. Also, our model investigated whether the EKC hypothesis in most of the previous studies that had been based on production-based emissions was also established in the consumption-based emission model. Considering the continuous characteristics of CO₂, we utilized the generalized method of moments (GMM), specifically a system GMM econometric technique because CO₂ in the previous period can affect CO₂ in the present period. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: The results show that for the consumption-based CO₂ emissions model, CO₂ continuously increases as economic growth increases in the upper-middle income countries. The inverted U-shaped result was found in the case of the production-based model. However, in the lower-income countries, an inverted-U shape in which CO₂ emissions decrease at some point as the economy grows in the production-based model does not appear. On the other hand, in the consumption-based model, an inverted U-shaped result was obtained when estimating with system-GMM. Additionally, the proportion of manufacturing, energy imports, and energy consumption had an effect on both the production- and the consumption-based model regardless of the group's CO₂ emissions. On the basis of such assessments, policymakers need to consider not only production- but also consumption-based options. Originality/value - Previous studies have mainly focused on production-based CO₂ emissions, with most of them revolving around economic growth or the effect of various social and economic factors on CO₂ emissions. However, this study considers the relationship with economic growth using consumption-based emissions as a dependent variable by classifying ninety-three countries by income level.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.251-264
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to present factors and strategies for successful rewarded-crowdfunding of companies. For this, rewarded-crowdfunding based on the extended theory of planned behavior(E-TPB) by adding individual innovation and risk preference as extended variables, in addition to the basic variables of the theory of planned behavior(TPB), including attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control. In addition, the moderating effect of rewarded-crowdfunding experience was confirmed. In addition, the moderating effect of the rewarded-crowdfunding experience was confirmed, and exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted for questionnaires who were aware of the concept of rewarded-crowdfunding. As a result of testing the hypothesis, it was found that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and risk preference affect the intention to invest in rewarded-crowdfunding. Also, we could find that perceived behavior control and risk preference were moderately influenced by investor who had experience in rewarded-crowdfunding. Based on the research results, it has academic and practical value by presenting the direction of enhancing the success of rewarded-crowdfunding that companies can use as a way to raise funds and boost sales.

• Korean small business review
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.129-150
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• 2019

It is very meaningful to research on how people's perception on equality and psychology on class movement can have effect on the entrepreneurial intention at the present time when the Korean Government persuades people to create new businesses and the polarization between the rich and the poor gets severe. Accordingly, in this study, an empirical analysis was conducted to find out how the proportional equality acceptance level can affect the entrepreneurial intention via the upward mobility expectation by considering the proportionate equality acceptance level as independent variable, upward mobility expectation as a medium variable and the entrepreneurial intention as a dependent variable and then the hypothesis was tested through regression analysis. The results are as follows. First, it was found that the proportional equality acceptance level over the results makes a positive (+) effect on the entrepreneurial intention and the upward mobility expectation. On the other hand, it was found that proportional equality acceptance level over opportunity does not make any significant effect on each of entrepreneurial intention and upward mobility expectation. Second, it was found that the upward mobility expectation makes the positive (+) effect on the entrepreneurial intention. Third, it was found that the proportional equality acceptance level over opportunity and equality acceptance level over the results makes a positive (+) effect on the entrepreneurial intention through upward mobility expectation as a medium, thus showing the partial effect. This study has critical implications as it is an empirical analysis for finding out how the individual's level of perceiving equality makes an effect on entrepreneurial intention and testing the upward mobility expectation's mediating effect, thus reflecting the current society's situation.

• Korean Association of Arts Management
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• no.52
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• pp.5-37
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• 2019

Despite a copious volume of work on the relationship between social class and cultural consumption, scholars have paid scant attention to the increasingly apparent observation that a vast majority of the population exhibits indifference toward fine arts regardless of one's socio-economic status. Much of the prior literature on cultural consumption has treated the public's indifference to fine arts not as a distinct analytical category that deserves an explanation of its own, but simply as the opposite of "likes" or the act of consumption, let alone being disentangled from the concept of "dislikes" in taste-formation and consumption behavior. In this paper, we suggest that the seemingly increasing trend toward indifference to fine arts, especially among those who are part of the well-educated and economically well-off, merits close scholarly attention on its own term. As an initial step toward this endeavor, we explore the factors behind indifference toward fine arts among Korean middle-class, using the ground theory method. Our interview findings reveal that much of indifference toward fine arts is attributable to the lack of tastes in fine arts and artistic competence. Our results suggest that research drawing on Bourdieu's theory and Peterson's omnivore hypothesis needs to be further revised through an in-depth investigation of the institutional and societal contexts where art education takes place in Korea. We discuss the implications of our findings for policy-making in the cultural and artistic sphere.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.87-105
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• 2018

We investigate the effects of inward foreign direct investment on innovation in Korean industries from 1998 to 2015 by first dividing FDI into greenfield and M&A (mergers and acquisitions). Furthermore, we use the number of patent applications as the proxy of innovation. Our empirical results are as follows: First, inward foreign direct investment has a significantly positive effect on the number of patent applications. This result suggests that the transfer of technology or knowledge through the inward foreign direct investment has a positive impact on innovation in Korean industries. Second, the greenfield investment has a positive impact on patent applications. This result is consistent with Liu and Zou (2008)'s assertion that greenfield investment has a positive impact on innovation by increasing facilities or plants. The M&A investment, however, has no significant effect on patent applications. This result is consistent with Stiebale and Reize (2011) who argue that the host countries do not benefit from technology transfer through M&A investments. In addition, this supports Liu and Zou (2008) and Garcia et al. (2013)'s hypothesis that foreign parent firms do not influence the innovation of host countries by employing strategies to increase market power rather than R&D activities through M&A investments. It is meaningful that this study first analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment on innovation in Korean industries and uses the number of patent applications as a proxy of innovation. Our empirical evidence provides policy implications for innovation and attraction of inward foreign direct investments.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.135-156
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• 2016

This study, with reference to data on economic conditions in Shandong Province, China, looked into trade and investment activities in Korea and major cities of Shandong - Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai and Jinan - and investigated claim cases between the two countries by type. In addition, we investigated the matter empirically by conducting a survey administered to 300 Korean companies investing in Shandong Province and, based on the data, tested hypotheses for inferential analysis. The findings are as follows: i) while hypotheses in which the size of a firm, represented by import and export volume, has a positive relation with the frequency of trade claim filings (H1) and with the financial value of the trade claims (H2) were quoted, company size proved to have a significantly negative relation with the time required to obtain a claim decision, which rejects the third hypothesis (H3) in which the relation was thought to be positive: ii) while products, as represented by the type of business, showed a clearly significant difference with the frequency of trade claim filings (H4) and with methods of preventing and responding to claims (H6), they did not show a significant link to the type of trade claim (H5). This study is a theoretical and empirical overview of Korean companies based in Shandong Province of China, and can be used to address the practical needs of the Korean companies looking to start business in Shandong Province.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.1-28
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to identity the relationship between CAGE distance and Korean foreign subsidiaries' social responsibility, which is divided into responsive and strategic activities. The hypothesis is that CAGE distance has positive relationships with subsidiaries' social responsibility to overcome local liabilities of foreignness and acquire social legitimacy. The key findings are as follows. Firstly, culture distance has positive significant impacts on subsidiaries' social responsibility activities. It especially has positive influences on strategic CSR. Secondly, administration distance has no impacts on subsidiaries' social responsibility. Thirdly, geographic distance also has positive impacts on subsidiaries' social responsibility activities, especially on responsive CSR. Lastly, economic distance has significantly negative effects on social responsibility. This empirical study identifies the relationships between cross national distance and subsidiaries' social responsibility. Culture and geographic distance has positive influences on subsidiaries' social responsibility. Market seeking subsidiaries group shows more positive relationship between culture distance and social responsibility activities, which means that foreign subsidiaries would engage in social responsibility activities for strategic purpose.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.93-114
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• 2017

Under the FTA agreement, preferential tariffs between FTA members will result in tariff reductions. In order to ensure the stable use of the FTA tariff system, it is necessary for the customs authorities to determine whether the origin goods are clearly applicable. This study analyzed the procedure of appeal according to the origin verification system based on the decision made by Korea Customs Service and Tax Tribunal. From this, we examined whether the rate of re-claiming a case rejected in the 'Review System of the Legality Before Taxation' differs. In addition, we carried out a quantitative analysis using bootstrapping technique in order to overcome the scarcity cases of verification of origin among FTA members. The implications of this paper are summarized as follows: First, we tested the hypothesis that the re-claiming rate of Western countries is higher. Second, some issues represented higher re-claiming rate. Third, there was no significant difference between the verification group and the re-claiming rate. Finally, even if an applicant makes a claim again, there is a possibility of being rejected again.