• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2001

The toxicity values heavy metals were evaluated by immobilization and chronic reproduction impairment tests, using Daphnia magna. Acute tests were evaluated by the inhibition of their mobilization after 24hrs without food addition. The tests of reproductive impairment were investigated for 21 days by food addition and exchange or water. The effect of each concentration was assessed by Probit analysis and t-test. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) The change of pH and DO was not significant in the acute tests, while, in the reproductive tests, pH was increased by 0.3~1.4 and DO also increased. 2) The $E_iC_{50}$ values of immobilization to Daphnia magna in artificial fresh water were $0.030mg/{\ell}(Cu),\;0.054mg/{\ell}(Cd),\;0.12mg/{\ell};(Cr),\;0.74mg/{\ell}(Pb),\;3.4mg/ {\ell}(As)$ and the $NOE_iC$ values were $0.010mg/{\ell}(Cu),\;0.018mg/{\ell}(Cd),\;0.010mg/{\ell}(Cr),\;0.10mg/{\ell}(Pb),\;and\;$1.8mg/{\ell}(As)$. 3) The $E_rC_{50}$ values of reproductive impairment to Daphnia magna were $13.8\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cu),\;2.9\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cd),\;15.5\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cr),\;61.7\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Pb),\;759\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(As)$, and $NOE_rC$ values were $0.95\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cu),\;$0.54\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cd),\;1.2\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cd),\;$7.4\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Pb),\;110mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(As)$. The results of tests using OECD artificial culture water were more sensitive than natural water for culturing. The presented data show that an artificial culture water is suitable in the experiment of bioassay for assessing the toxicity of marterials.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.143-157
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• 2010

Objectives : The objective of this study was to access the effect of Artemisiae capillaris herba Extracts on the organogenetic reproductive toxicity of New Zealand White rabbits when administered by oral gavage. Methods : Gestational New Zealand White rabbits were dosed from 6 days of gestation to 18 days of gestation. It was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the KFDA Guideline for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products. In addition, serum AST, ALT, LDH and ALP levels were detected with their necropsy and histopathological observation Results: No significant changes of body weights, gains and food consumption were demonstrated in all dosed groups compared to those of vehicle control group except for 2,000mg/kg-dosing group, which showed significantly increase of body weight compared to that of vehicle control group. Normal gross findings were demonstrated in all tested groups. No significant changes of number of corpora lutea, implantation, implantation rate, number of fetal death, loss rate of post-implantation, number of live youngs at C-section, survival rate of post-implantation, number of male live youngs at C-section, number of female live youngs, sex ratio of live young, external anomalies of live youngs and body weight of live youngs were demonstrated in all dosed groups compared to those of vehicle control group. Although some visceral variations such as thymic reminant in the neck, dilation of renal pelvis, dilated ureter and malpositioned left common carotid artery, no significant changes were demonstrated in all dosed groups compared to that of vehicle control group. Some malformations and variation were demonstrated with retardations. However, no significant changes were demonstrated in all dosed groups compared to that of vehicle control group. In addition, similar ossification numbers were detected in sternebrae, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, cervical vertebrae, and sacral and caudal vertebrae. No Artemisiae capillaris herba Extracts treatment-related changes of serum AST, ALT, LDH and ALP levels were demonstrated in all dosed levels in this study. Conclusions : We could conclude that oral administration of Artemisiae capillaris herba Extracts hasn't an influence on the organogenetic reproductive toxicity.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.118-125
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• 1985

농약의 만성어독성을 평가하기 위한 노력의 일환으로 제초제인 butachlor에 대하여 송사리 (Oryzias latipes)을 대상으로 하여 90일간 아급성 어독성 실험을 실시하였고 또한 만성독성 평가를 위한 생물학적 검정어류로써 송사리의 타당성을 제고한 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 송사리는 우리나라에서 고르게 분포하고 있는 소형 민물고기로써 시험기간중 대조군 등에서 산란 및 부화가 이루어져 풍부한 생물학적 자료와 함께 농약에 대한 만성 어독성 평가에 적합하다고 사료된다. 2) Butachlor의 0.16 ppm 처리군은 약간의 길이 성장감소와 산란된 수정란의 부화율이 감소되는 경향을 나타내었고, 0.04ppm과 0.01 ppm의 butachlor 처리군에서는 대조군과 비교할 때 별 다른 영향을 받지 않았음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 고로, butachlor는 송사리에서 0.04${\sim}$0. 16ppm의 MATC 값을 갖는 것으로 사료되며 또한 실험기간중 DO와 pH및 온도를 매일 측정한 결과 송사리에 영향을 주지 않았음이 입증되었다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.199-211
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• 2019

The sterilization effects of methylene blue (MB), formalin, and iodine on the egg of marine medaka, Oryzias dancena, were investigated for disinfecting naididae worm, Chaetogaster diastrophus through sterilization. To determine harmfulness of MB, formalin, and iodine, lethal concentrations 50 ($LC_{50}$) of three chemicals were analyzed in the eggs of marine medaka. The sterilized periods of each chemical were set at 1 hr. Sterilized rates of naididae worm in each chemical were significantly affected and increased drastically as the concentration of each chemical increased (p<0.05). Sterilization abilities of naididae worm were most effective for formalin, but survival rates of egg and hatched rates for formalin were lowest among each chemical. The $LC_{50}$ of MB over 96 hrs were 185.26, 103.84, and 127.15 ppm for adults, juveniles, and eggs respectively. The toxic effects of MB were clearly dose dependent for each life stage (p<0.05). The toxicity sensitivity of juveniles to MB was dramatically higher than that of other groups. In 48 hrs after sterilization, cortisol and glucose concentrations of the adult group with MB treatment were significantly higher than those of the adult group with no treatment (p<0.05). This research provides useful data on sterilization effect of MB, formalin, and iodine, acute toxicity in marine medaka egg and toxicity, sensitivity of life stage of MB in marine medaka.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2002

In Korea, 2,320 tonnes of acetanilide were mostly wed as intermediates for synthesis in phar-maceuticals or additives in synthesizing hydrogen peroxide, varnishes, polymers and rubber. Only small amount of 120 kg were wed as a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide solution for hair colouring agents in 1998. Readily available environmental or human exposure data do not exist in Korea at the present time. However, potential human exposures from drinking water, food, ambient water and in work places are expected to be negligible because this chemical is produced in the closed system in only one company in Korea and the processing factory is equipped with local ventilation and air filtering system. Acetanilide could be distributed mainly to water based on EQC model. This substance is readily biodegradable and its bioaccumulation is low. Acute toxicity of acetanilide is low since the L $D_{50}$ of oral exposure in rats is 1,959 mg/kg bw. The chemical is not irritating to skin, but slightly irritating to the eyes of rabbits. horn repeated dose toxicity, the adverse effects in rats were red pulp hyperplasia of spleen, bone marrow hyperplasia of femur and decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The LOAEL for repeated dose toxicity in rats was 22 mg/kg/day for both sexes. Acetanilide is not considered to be genotoxic. In a reproductive/developmental toxicity study, no treatment-related changes in precoital time and rate of copulation, impregnation, pregnancy were shown in all treated groups. The NOAELs for reproduction and developmental toxicity (off-spring toxicity) are considered to be 200 mg/kg bw/day and 67 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Ecotoxicity data has been generated in a limited number of aquatic species of algae (72 hr- $E_{b}$ $C_{50}$; 13.5 mg/l), daphnid (48hr-E $C_{50}$ > 100 mg/l) and fish (Oryzias latipes, 96hr-L $C_{50}$; 100 mg/l). Form the acute toxicity values, the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of 0.135 mg/1 was derived win an assessment factor of 100. On the basis of these data, acetanilide was suggested as currently of low priority for further post-SIDS work in OECD.in OECD.D.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2007

Many environmental contaminants including several metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals, have been identified to be phototoxic in the water environment. Concerns regarding photo-enhancement of toxicity of several environmental contaminants have been increasing because of the increased level of ultraviolet irradiation on the earth surface. However, there exist arguments that there might be certain defense mechanisms taking place in the aquatic ecosystem, which may include behavioral characteristics or genetic acclimation. This study was conducted to understand the potential responses of aquatic receptors to several phototoxic metals in the real environment, where long-term acclimation of such organisms to low dose UV-B may take place. For this purpose, water flea Daphnia magna was acclimated to environmentally relevant dose of UV-B (12 to $18uW/cm^2$) for >11 generations. The differences in developmental and life history characteristics, and toxicity responses were evaluated. Acclimation did not affect the daphnids' growth, longevity, and reproduction characteristics such as time to first brood, and brood size: After 21 d, survival of D. magna was not influenced by UV-B acclimation. When the number of young per female was compared. the daphnids acclimated for 11 generations tend to produce less number of neonates than the un-acclimated individuals but with no statistical significance (p>0.05). Four metals that were reported to be phototoxic elsewhere were employed in this evaluation, that include As, Cd. Cu, and Ni. UV-B level being applied in acclimation did increase the toxicity of Cd and Cu, significantly (p<0.05). However, the toxicities of As and Ni were not affected by irradiation of UV-B. Phototoxic responses were evaluated between the acclimated and the un-acclimated daphnids. For Cu, UV-B acclimation led to reduction of the photo-induced toxicity $(p\approx0.1)$ in daphnids. Non-acclimated Daphnia were affected by 50% at 4.18 ug/l Cu. but UV-B acclimated individuals exhibited $EC_{50}$ of 5.89 ug/l. With Cd, UV-B acclimation appeared to increase phototoxicity (p>0.05). With As and Ni, UV-B acclimation did not influence photo-induced toxicity. This observation may be in part explained by the type of reactive oxygen species that were generated by each metal. Similar to UV-B light, Cu is known to generate superoxide anion by acting as redox cycling toxicant. This is one of the first studies that employed_laboratory based UV-B acclimated test species for photoenhanced toxicity evaluation.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.218-229
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• 2011

레피멕틴은 살충제이다. 레피멕틴에 대한 독성을 평가하고 일일섭취허용량을 설정하기 위하여 다양한 인축독성 시험성적서를 검토하였다. 레피멕틴의 대사시험결과, 주로 대변을 통해 배설되었으며, 급성독성은 낮았고, 피부, 안점막자극성과 피부감작성은 없었다. 90일 반복투어경구독성(랫드, 개, 마우스), 만성독성(랫드, 개), 발암성시험(랫드)에서 혈액 및 혈액 생화학적변화를 나타냈으나, 번식독성, 유전독성, 발암성 및 기형독성은 없는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서, 레피멕틴의 최대무작용량(NOAEL)은 랫드 2년 발암성시혐의 최대무작용량 2.02 mg/kg bw/day로 안전계수 100을 설정하여 일일섭취허용량 0.02 mg/kg bw/day로 설정하였다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.208-217
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• 2011

피리미설판에 대한 독성을 평가하고 일일섭취허용량을 설정하기 위하여 다양한 인축독성 시험성적서를 검토하였다. 대사시험결과, 주로 대변을 통해 배설되었으며, 급성독성은 낮았고, 피부, 안점막자극성과 피부감작성은 없었다. 랫드 90일 반복투여 경구독성시험결과에서 피리미설판 투여에 따른 영향은 혈액학적지표 및 간장에서 확인되었고 발암성은 없었으며, 번식독성, 기형독성 등에서 번식능력 몇 기형에 대한 영향 및 유전독성은 확인되지 않았다. 최대무작용량은 개 90일 반복투여 경구독성시험 10 mg/kg/day였으며, 안전계수 100으로 나눈 0.1 mg/kg/day을 일일섭취허용량(ADI)으로 설정하였다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2017

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the progressive decline of memory, cognitive functions, and changes in personality. The major pathological features in postmortem brains are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$) deposits. The majority of AD cases are sporadic and age-related. Although AD pathogenesis has not been established, aging and declining mitochondrial function has been associated. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in AD patients' brains and AD mice models, and the mice with a genetic defect in mitochondrial complex I showed enhanced $A{\beta}$ level in vivo. To elucidate the role of mitochondrial complex I in AD, we used SH-SY5Y cells transfected with DNA constructs expressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) or human Swedish APP mutant (APP-swe). The expression of APP-swe increased the level of $A{\beta}$ protein in comparison with control. When complex I was inhibited by rotenone, the increase of ROS level was remarkably higher in the cells overexpressing APP-swe compared to control. The number of dead cell was significantly increased in APP-swe-expressing cells by complex I inhibition. We suggest that complex I dysfunction accelerate amyloid toxicity and mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in aging may contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2004

칠레이리응애와 차응애에 대하여 spirodiclofen과 fluacrypyrim+tetradifon의 독성을 비교하기 위하여 강낭콩 leaf disc에 각 응애 종의 자성충 또는 난을 접종하고 각 약제를 농도별로 살포한 결과, spirodiclofen과 fluacrypyrim+tetradifon은 차응애보다 칠레이리응애에 대하여 독성이 매우 낮았다. Spirodiclofen을 처리한 결과 칠레이리응애 자성충은 처리 농도의 증가에 따라 생존율이 감소하였으나, $22.5\sim180$ ppm 에서 92-68%가 생존하였으며, 산란수도 농도 증가에 따라 감소하였다. 모든 처리 농도에서 칠레이리응애 난의 부화에는 영향이 없었다. 유 약충의 생존율은 농도 증가에 따라 감소하였으나 $22.5\sim90$ ppm에서 88-20%가 성충으로 되었다. Fluacrypyrim+tetradifon을 처리하였을 경우, 칠레이리응애 자성충은 처리 농도가 증가할수록 생존율 이 감소하였지만, 22.5-180 ppm 에서 94-72%가 생존하였으며, 산란수도 농도 증가에 따라 감소하였다. 모든 처리 농도에서 칠레이리응애 난의 부화에는 영향이 없었다. 약충의 생존율은 농도 증가에 따라 감소하였으나, $22.5\sim180$ ppm에서$100\sim86%$가 성충태로 도달하였다. 이상의 결과에서 spirodiclofen과 fluacrypyrim+tetradifon은 차응애의 종합관리에서 칠레이리응애와 함께 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.