• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.8A
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• pp.610-617
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• 2009

This paper proposes a cross-layer design combining adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) with truncated hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) for wireless multicast transmission, in order to increase the spectral efficiency while meeting the target quality-of-service (QoS). In the design, we provide the selection criterion of AMC so as to satisfy the target packet error rate (PER) of all users when the multicast data is received through the common channel and the number of retransmission is limited by the delay constraint of the service. The analytically derived results show that the cross-layer design using HARQ provides a better spectral efficiency than the AMC without HARQ by allowing retransmission and code combining. It is also observed that the design for multicast outperforms that for unicast in the mid to high signal-to-noise ratio region.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2007

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was transformed with the coding sequence of the Tombus virus gene p19 to determine whether the gene functions as an RNAi suppressor in C. reinhardtii. Transformants were confirmed to have 1 to several copies of p19 gene in their chromosomes. When an RNAi strain of C. reinhardtii generated by transforming the inverted repeat (IR) sequence homologous to the 3'UTR region of the MAA7 gene was re-transformed with the gene p19, MAA7 transcript levels of transformants fluctuated and proliferation of trans-formants on the medium containing 5-FI was suppressed. Overall results suggest that p19-mediated silencing suppression works at a low level in C. reinhardtii because of difference in codon usage resulting in weak P19 expression unless p19-mediated silencing suppression in C. reinhardtii works in a different manner from higher plants.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2008

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSR) are widely distributed in eukaryotic genomes and are informative genetic markers. Despite many advantages of SSR markers such as a high degree of allelic polymorphisms, co-dominant inheritance, multi-allelism, and genome-wide coverage in various plant species, they also have shortcomings such as low polymorphic rates between genetically close lines, especially in Capsicum annuum. We developed an alternative technique to SSR by normalizing and alternating anchored primers in random amplified microsatellite polymorphisms (RAMP). This technique, designated reverse random amplified microsatellite polymorphism (rRAMP), allows the detection of nucleotide variation in the 3' region flanking an SSR using normalized anchored and random primer combinations. The reproducibility and frequency of polymorphic loci in rRAMP was vigorously enhanced by translocation of the 5' anchor of repeat sequences to the 3' end position and selective use of moderate arbitrary primers. In our study, the PCR banding pattern of rRAMP was highly dependent on the frequency of repeat motifs and primer combinations with random primers. Linkage analysis showed that rRAMP markers were well scattered on an intra-specific pepper map. Based on these results, we suggest that this technique is useful for studying genetic diversity, molecular fingerprinting, and rapidly constructing molecular maps for diverse plant species.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 2005

Large inversions are well characterized in the chloroplast genomes of land plants. In contrast, reports of small inversions are rare and involve limited plant groups. In this study, we report the widespread occurrence of small inversions ranging from 5 to 50 bp in fully and partially sequenced chloroplast genomes of both monocots and dicots. We found that small inversions were much more common than large inversions. The small inversions were scattered over the chloroplast genome including the IR, SSC, and LSC regions. Several small inversions were uncovered in chloroplast genomes even though they shared the same overall gene order. The majority of these small inversions were located within 100 bp downstream of the 3' ends of genes. All had inverted repeat sequences, ranging from 11 to 24 bp, at their ends. Such small inversions form stem-loop hairpin structures that usually have the function of stabilizing the corresponding mRNA molecules. Intra-molecular recombination between the inverted sequences in the stem-forming regions are responsible for generating flip-flop orientations of the loops. The presence of two different orientations of the stem-loop in the trnL-F noncoding region of a single species of Jasminum elegans suggests that a short inversion can be generated within a short period of time. Small inversions of non-coding sequences may influence sequence alignment and character interpretation in phylogeny reconstructions, as shown in nine species of Jasminum. Many small inversions may have been generated by parallel or back mutation events during chloroplast genome evolution. Our data indicate that caution is needed when using chloroplast non-coding sequences for phylogenetic analysis.

• Genes and Genomics
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1309-1317
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• 2018

It is well known that dopaminergic genes affect the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in various populations. Many studies have shown that variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) located within the 3′-untranslated region of DAT1 and in exon 3 of DRD4 are associated with ADHD development; however, these results were inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the genetic association between two VNTRs and ADHD in Korean children. We determined the VNTRs using PCR. We examined genotype and allele frequency differences between the experimental and control groups, along with the odds ratios, using Chi square and exact tests. We observed a significant association between the children with ADHD and the control group in the 10R/10R genotype of DAT1 VNTRs (p=0.025). In addition, the 11R allele of DAT1 VNTRs showed a higher frequency in the control group than in the ADHD group (p=0.023). Also, the short repeat (without 11R) and long repeat alleles (including 11R) were associated with ADHD (p<0.05). The analysis of DRD4 VNTRs revealed that the 2R allele is associated with ADHD (p=0.025). A significant result was also observed in long and short repeats (p<0.05). Additionally, ADHD subtypes showed that the DRD4 VNTRs are associated with combined and hyperactive-impulsive subtype groups (p<0.05). Therefore, our results suggest that DAT1 VNTRs and DRD4 VNTRs play a role in the genetic etiology of ADHD in Korean children.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2020

Agaricus bisporus is an important edible mushroom that is used as a functional food. In this study, European A. bisporus strains were analyzed for genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic differentiation using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. European A. bisporus strains were divided into four groups by distance-based analysis and two subpopulations by model-based analysis. The SSR markers used in this study did not group European A. bisporus strains by geographical region or pileus color. Genetic diversity was high in Group 4 based on distance-based analysis and Pop. 2 based on model-based analysis. A. bisporus strains showed very low genetic differentiation. The results of this study can be used for breeding A. bisporus in the future.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 1997

Age-dependent deletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was detected in mouse brain using PCR method. The size of the deleted fragment was 0.5 kb, 0.9 kb. 1.7 kb and 4.3 kb in the region between cytochrome b gene and ATPase 6 gene. The deleted fragment was increased gradually from 3-month to 22month Direct repeat sequence flanking the deletion in 0.5 kb PCR product was TAAT.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 1997

A new site-specific recombinase sin, as a component of a putatie transposon has been cloned and its base sequence has been determined. The proposed sin shows a hish degree of homology with pI9789-sin and pSK1-sin. There is a large (16 bp) inverted repeat downstream of proposed sin and the postulate dhelix-turn-helix motif is located at the extreme C-terminus of the poposed Sin. The transposase gene (tnpA) and .betha.-lactamase gene (blaZ) are located upstream of sin and arsenate reductase gene (arsC) and arsenic efflux pump protein gene (ars B) are downstream. This genetic arrangement seems to be a part of a new putative transposon because there is no known transposon with a gene arrangement of tnpA-blaZ-sin-arsC.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.2556-2564
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• 2002

The design of airfoil had practiced by repeat tests in its first stage, though an airfoil has as been designed based on simulations according to techniques of computational fluid dynamics. Here, using of traditional optimization is unsuitable because a state of flux is hypersensitive to the shape of airfoil. Therefore the paper optimized the shape of airfoil in transonic region using a genetic algorithm (GA). Response surfaces are based on back propagation neural network (BPN) and regression model. Training data of BPN and regression model were obtained by computational fluid dynamic analysis using CFD-ACE, and each analysis has been designed by design of experiments.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 1989

Hybridization of DNA isolated from leaves of Russet Burbank potato with tomato cDNA as a probe revealed the presence of about ten inhibitor 1 genes in the genome. Screening of a genomic library of Russet Burbank potato resulted in isolation of seven different genomic clones carrying inhibitor I genes. One of the genomic clones, clone 2, contained two EcoRI fragments of 3.4 and 1.8 kb in size, respectively, which were hybridized with the probe. The nucleotide sequence of parts of the hybridizing EcoRI fragments revealed that they contain a complete gene which codes for an open reading frame of 107 amino acids. It is interrupted by two intervening sequences of 502 and 493 bp, situated at the positions of codons 17 and 43, respectively, of the open reading frame. Putative regulatory sequences, TATAAA and CCACT, were found at the 5' flanking region. In addition, a copy of a 100 bp repeat found at a tomato inhibitor I gene was identified.