• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.129-140
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• 2014

BIST(Built-in self test) is to detect various faults of the existing memory and BIRA(Built-in redundancy analysis) is to repair detected faults by allotting spare. Also, BISR(Built-in self repair) which integrates BIST with BIRA, can enhance the whole memory's yield. However, the previous methods were suggested for RAM and are difficult to diagnose disturbance that is NAND-type flash memory's intrinsic fault when used for the NAND-type flash memory with different characteristics from RAM's memory structure. Therefore, this paper suggests a BISD(Built-in self diagnosis) to detect disturbance occurring in the NAND-type flash memory and to diagnose the location of fault, and BISR to repair faulty blocks.

• Architectural research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the problem of crack repair materials and methods in existing concrete structure and to propose the effective injection method on crack repair by packer type. The result of this study is as follows. It is investigated that the crack width in the inner matrix of concrete structure is decreased about 30-40% than that in the surface of the concrete structure. Also it is showed that the possibility which could be monolithic with injection part became higher if the injection part is installed near to surface of concrete on the punching method to vertical direction against crack area. The injection of repair material can be poured smoothly under about $10N/mm^2$ pressure on the condition that cracks are monolithic with injection part without dust by drill. The method which is effective injection for a repair material is the punching method in compliance with coredrill. But, the research continuously is necessary about minimum injection pressure.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate whether the method "Distal pulling with wire" after primary repair of Achilles tendon, can result in early restoration of ankle motion. Materials and Methods: In 14 cases of tendocalcaneus repair, the proximal stump was pulled down distally by wire and fixed the ends of wire to the transcalcaneal K - wire. We evaluated the range of motion of ankle joint at 4th, 6th, 12th week in 10 patients whom we followed up for more than 1 year. We evaluated the results of Achilles tendon repair by Hooker's criteria. Results: Range of motion of ankle joint revealed as follows. Degree of mean dorsiflexion improved - $5.1^{\circ},\;15.0^{\circ},\;22.4^{\circ}$ at 4th, 6th and 12th week respectively, while plantarflexion improved $21.5^{\circ},\;32.7^{\circ}$ and $42.3^{\circ}$ respectively. At one year follow up, seven of them had no problems in active daily life and sports activities. According to Hooker's criteria, the result rated excellent in nine, satisfactory in one. Conclusion: Early gain of ankle joint motion was possible by "Distal pulling with wire" after primary repair of Achilles tendon.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.129-132
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• 2007

In this study, for the establishment of the performance evaluation methods of repair material and method for reinforced concrete structure and the quality control standards of durability recovery method, the quantitative exposure data by exposure experiment under the coastal and normal atmosphere environment is accumulated and analyzed. Investigating and evaluating the result of exposure experiment during 54 months of exposure age under the coastal and normal atmosphere environment, Micro crack, swelling and spatting of surface coating material, crack of repair boundary parts and the great potential difference between repair part and non-repair part were somewhat generated. And the result shown that exposure specimen of coastal environment had lower electrode potential than exposure specimen of normal atmosphere environment.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.6 no.2 s.20
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• pp.91-98
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the problem of crack repair materials and methods in existing concrete structure and to propose the effective injection method on crack repair by packer type. The result of this study is as follows. It is investigated that the crack width in the inner matrix of concrete structure is decreased about 30-40% than that in the sulfate of the concrete structure. Also it is showed that the possibility which could be monolithic with injection part became higher if the injection part if installed near to surface of concrete on the punching method to vertical direction against crack area. The injection of repair material can be poured smoothly under about $10N/mm^2$ pressure on the condition that cracks are monolithic with injection part without dust by drill. The effective method to pour the injection repair material is the punching method by coredrill but several research to minimize injection pressure should be continually.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.49-60
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• 2013

PURPOSES : The evaluation of the pavement condition of the asphalt concrete pavement of No. 2 runway of Inchon International Airport through PMS, a supporting system for making a decision of pavement, maintenance and repair, was made, and the proper time for repair according to the PCI reduction rate was suggested. METHODS : By comparing and analyzing the evaluation results of pavements built in 2009, 2010, 2011, PCI change in each facility (No. 2 runway, C parallel taxiway, connection taxiway) was calculated. By applying the calculated change to PCI deduction rate model, the pavement condition of the target sections was estimated, and then the necessary section and time for repair were chosen. RESULTS : After careful consideration of the time for pavement and maintenance, based on the result of PCI prediction, it was estimated that the southern takeoff and landing section of No. 2 runway was required to be repaired in 2012; connection taxiway in 2013; and C parallel taxiway in 2014; however, the section which is the main moving route of connection taxiway and C parallel taxiway was needed to be repaired in 2012. CONCLUSIONS : For maintenance and repair of airport pavements, the optimal alternative should be chosen by considering economics and operability, via examining the time for repair and the aspect of management all together on the basis of this study.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.6 no.1 s.19
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• pp.87-91
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• 2006

Since water leakage and cracks are not the source of serious problems such as long-term lowering of performance and durability of a stricture, including damages to operating facilities of a structure, damages to internal finishing materials, exhibition, and goods, and pollution of residential environment, they might have led to development of positive coping skills; however, an instant loss of lives or property due to earthquake, explosion, typhoon, or a fire was indeed neglected. In these days, repair materials for leakage cannot help but being taken in temporary way without any noticeable countermeasure. This kind of repair is socially criticized many times that is defective construction even if this costs a lot. It was not arrange the standard for construction methods of sealer of injection type for leakage maintenance, even it has been used various type of construction methods for leakage part. In conclusion, we suggest that the construction methods of sealer of injection type for leakage maintenance for leakage to establish the leakage repairing technology as increase of structure demand. Therefore, it would be possible to provide a stage-by-stage solution by developing systematic research activities among the industry, schools, and research institutes to spread maintenance management techniques globally through technical solution to water leakage and cracks, acquisition of structural safety with prolonged durability for life cycle, reduction of water leakage repair expense s, and so on.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2021

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a family of DNA sequences originally discovered as a type of acquired immunity in prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea. In many CRISPR systems, the functional ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) are composed of CRISPR protein and guide RNAs. They selectively bind and cleave specific target DNAs or RNAs, based on sequences complementary to the guide RNA. The specific targeted cleavage of the nucleic acids by CRISPR has been broadly utilized in genome editing methods. In the process of genome editing of eukaryotic cells, CRISPR-mediated DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) at specific genomic loci activate the endogenous DNA repair systems and induce mutations at the target sites with high efficiencies. Two of the major endogenous DNA repair machineries are non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). In case of DSB, the two repair pathways operate in competition, resulting in several possible outcomes including deletions, insertions, and substitutions. Due to the inherent stochasticity of DSB-based genome editing methods, it was difficult to achieve defined single-base changes without unanticipated random mutation patterns. In order to overcome the heterogeneity in DSB-mediated genome editing, novel methods have been developed to incorporate precise single-base level changes without inducing DSB. The approaches utilized catalytically compromised CRISPR in conjunction with base-modifying enzymes and DNA polymerases, to accomplish highly efficient and precise genome editing of single and multiple bases. In this review, we introduce some of the advances in single-base level CRISPR genome editing methods and their applications.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2023

Background Most children with facial lacerations require sedation for primary sutures. However, sedation guidelines for invasive treatment are lacking. This study evaluated the current status of the sedation methods used for pediatric facial laceration repair in Korea. Methods We surveyed one resident in each included plastic surgery training hospital using face-to-face interviews or e-mail correspondence. The health care center types (secondary or tertiary hospitals), sedation drug types, usage, and dosage, procedure sequence, monitoring methods, drug effects, adverse events, and operator and guardian satisfaction were investigated. Results We included 45/67 hospitals (67%) that used a single drug, ketamine in 31 hospitals and chloral hydrate in 14 hospitals. All health care center used similar sedatives. The most used drug administered was 5 mg/kg intramuscular ketamine (10 hospitals; 32%). The most common chloral hydrate administration approach was oral 50 mg/kg (seven hospitals; 50%). Twenty-two hospitals (71%) using ketamine followed this sequence: administration of sedatives, local anesthesia, primary repair, and imaging work-up. The most common sequence used for chloral hydrate (eight hospitals; 57%) was local anesthesia, administration of sedatives, imaging work-up, and primary repair. All hospitals that used ketamine and seven (50%) of those using chloral hydrate monitored oxygen saturation. Median operator satisfaction differed significantly between ketamine and chloral hydrate (4.0 [interquartile range, 4.0-4.0] vs. 3.0 [interquartile range, 3.0-4.0]; p <0.001). Conclusion The hospitals used various procedural sedation methods for children with facial lacerations. Guidelines that consider the patient's condition and drug characteristics are needed for safe and effective sedation.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.129-136
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• 2013

The rental housing has played a key role to supply a decent living space for the low-income households. The owner of the rental housing should maintain and manage the building physical condition. On the other hand, rents should use the housing without any damage and pay a certain fare for the rent. A rent is classified into two types : private and public. The public rent is mainly to supply a living space for non-available home owner with a low-rent fare. Many of public rent are built and supplied by the public institution or local government. The supplier would take a responsibility to maintain the building and components, reflected by the maintenance plan and repair scope. In this paper, it aimed at providing the repair time in building components of the public rental housing such as lighting, electrical cable, paintings and etc.. The repair time is analyzed with three calculation methods which are solved by the probability and empirical approach. Results are as follows : First, the repair time of the electrical facilities are maintained with 11yr, 10yr and 7 in permanent, public and redevelopment rent respectively. The roof proof has a repair time with 14yr, 11yr and 8 in permanent, public and redevelopment rent housing respectively. Second, Most of the components has a prior length of the repair time in permanent, public and redevelopment rent sequently. There is a difference in repair time according to the rental types. Therefore, it would continue to research the difference in aspect of the living style, building physics, living consciousness and etc.