• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1160-1164
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• 2002

We report a case of Alport syndrome associated with esophageal leiomyomatosis, presenting as recurrent pneumonia. A 5-year old girl who had a history of cataract visited the out patient clinic with a complaint of recurrent wheezing and respiratory difficulty which had started five months previously. Chest magnetic resonance image(MRI) and esophagography, checked on the suspicion of achalasia, revealed esophageal leiomyomatosis and renal biopsy revealed Alport syndrome. In the pediatric population, this tumor is a rare cause of dysphagia and is often misdiagnosed as an esophageal motility disorder. Although a number of Alport syndrome associated with leiomyomatosis were reported in the literature, this is a second case report presented with recurrent pneumonia in Korea.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2004

Herein, the case of a 5-year-old boy with cytomegalovirus-induced Menetrier's disease, with peripheral eosinophilia, presenting with abdominal pain and vomiting, followed by generalized edema, is reported. The initial laboratory findings, hypoalbuminemia and peripheral eosinophilia were noted, with no evidence of renal, hepatic, cardiac or allergic diseases. Gastrofiberscopy was performed under the suspicion of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with protein losing gastropathy. The gastrofiberscopy showed the characteristic features of giant hypertrophy of the gastric rugae, with large quantities of adherent gelatinous material on the gastric fundus and body. The histological findings revealed foveolar hyperplasia, compatible with Menetrier's disease, with massive eosinophilic infiltrations. The presence of cytomegalovirus infection was identified by serology and confirmed by urine PCR. His symptoms, gastrofiberscopic findings and peripheral eosinophilia resolved spontaneously, and he has remained well for 10 months.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.609-615
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• 2012

A histo-pathogical examination was carried out to evaluate the effect of commercial extruded pellet (EP) and a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet on the health of juvenile rockfish cultured in marine net-cage for 7 months. Fish were distributed randomly to each net cage as a group of 76,000 fish (initial mean body weight 5.9 g). After 2 months, the hypertrophy or swelling of liver parenchymal cells was identified in most individuals and lasted until 7 months. Livers in EP fed group frequently showed hypertrophic parenchyma and fatty change with occasional atrophic cells. However, after 4 months, lymphocytic infiltration in splenic parenchyma was seen in a number of individuals. In addition, the gastric glandular epithelium was atrophied and in the lumen of renal tubules protozoan parasites were frequently identified but there was no correlation with the type of feed. Moreover, juvenile rockfish on EP diet showed gross and microscopic hypertrophy of the liver which would be due to oversupply of feed. Severe hepatic cellular hypertrophy or swelling could lead to the damage of microcirculation. Especially fatty change and atrophic change of liver could be the result from the damage, which could be responsible for immunological problem. Lymphocytic infiltration of spleen on the MP diet suggests that juvenile rockfish could be frequently exposed to infectious antigens.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.207-215
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• 2014

Multiple bone metastases are common manifestation of many malignant tumors such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma. Bone metastasis is secondary cancer in the bone, and it can lead to bone pain, fracture, and instability of the weight bearing bones, all of which may profoundly reduce physical activity and life quality. Treatment for bone metastasis is determined by multiple factors including pathology, performance status, involved site, and neurologic status. Treatment strategies for bone metastasis are analgesics, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. External beam radiotherapy has traditionally been an effective palliative treatment for localized painful bone metastasis. However, in some cases such as multiple bone metastases, especially osteoblastic bone metastasis originated from breast or prostate cancer, the radiopharmaceutical therapy using $^{89}Sr$, $^{186}Re$, $^{188}Re$, $^{153}Sm$ and $^{117m}Sn$ are also useful treatment option because of administrative simplicity (injection), few side effects, low risk of radiation exposure and high response rate. This article offers a concise explanation of the radiopharmaceutical therapy for multiple bone metastases.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1994

Angiosarcoma is a very rare malignant tumor of endothelial cell origin. We experienced a case of angiosarcoma presented with massive pleural effusion, which was considered as a metastasis from right kidney. A 44-year-old male patient was admitted due to dyspnea for one month. He had a history of transient hematuria 3 months before admission, which disappeared spontaneously. Chest roentgenography showed total haziness in left hemithorax with multiple nodular shadows in right lung. Abdominal ultrasonogram showed a single heterogeneous hyperechoic mass, measuring about $7.3{\times}7.1{\times}6.5cm$ in size in the upper and mid-pole of the right kidney, involving renal sinus. Computed tomography of the chest revealed highly enhanced multiple pulmonary and subpleural nodules with loculated pleurisy. In bronchoscopic finding, a fungating, hypervascular tumor mass was noticed at the orifice of anterior basal segment of left lower lung after removal of tenaceous mucus. Pleural and bronchoscopic biopsies showed findings of angiosarcoma confirmed by immunochemical stains with factor VIII related antigen(+), laminin(+) and vimentin(+), and by characteristic electronmicroscopic findings. Massive pleural effusion was controlled with several times of pleurodesis in both pleural spaces.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 2006

The lung is the most common site for the metastasis of extrapulmonary malignant tumors. However, endobronchial metastases (EBM) from extrapulmonary malignant tumors are rare. The most common extrathoracic malignancies associated with EBM are the breast, renal and colorectal carcinomas. Lung metastasis from prostate cancer is often encountered but EBM is rare. We report a 74-year old man with endobronchial metastases from prostatic carcinoma presented with cough. The diagnosis of prostatic cancer and the endobronchial metastasis were confirmed by immunohistological staining with the prostate specific antigen. Hormonal therapy (lutenizing hormone releasing hormone agonist) was applied to this patient.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3571-3574
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• 2014

Background: Brain metastasis occurs when cancerous cells come from a known (or sometimes an unknown) primary tumor to the brain and implant and grow there. This event is potentially lethal and causes neurologic symptoms and signs. These patients are treated in order to decrease their neurologic problems, increase quality of life and overall survival. Materials and Methods: In this study we evaluated clinical characteristics of 206 patients with brain metastases referred to our center from 2004 to 2011. Results: The mean age was 53.6 years. The primary tumors were breast cancer (32%), lung cancer (24.8%), lymphoma (4.4%), sarcoma (3.9%), melanoma (2.9%), colorectal cancer (2.4%) and renal cell carcinoma (1.5%). In 16.5% of the patients, brain metastasis was the first presenting symptom and the primary site was unknown. Forty two (20.4%) patients had a single brain metastasis, 18 patients (8.7%) had two or three lesions, 87 (42.2%) patients had more than three lesions. Leptomeningeal involvement was seen in 49 (23.8%) patients. Thirty five (17%) had undergone surgical resection. Whole brain radiation therapy was performed for all of the patients. Overall survival was 10.1 months (95%CI; 8.65-11.63). One and two year survival was 27% and 12% respectively. Conclusions: Overall survival of patients who were treated by combination of surgery and whole brain radiation therapy was significantly better than those who were treated with whole brain radiation therapy only [13.8 vs 9.3 months (p=0.03)]. Age, sex, primary site and the number of brain lesions did not show significant relationships with overall survival.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.205-211
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• 2016

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children is characterized by massive proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is the most common form of INS in children. The pathogenesis of MCNS still remains unclear, however, several hypotheses have been recently proposed. For several decades, MCNS has been considered a T-cell disorder, which causes the impairment of the glomerular filtration barrier with the release of different circulating factors. Increased levels of several cytokines are also suggested. Recently, a "two-hit" theory was proposed that included the induction of CD80 (B7-1) and regulatory T-cell (Treg) dysfunction, with or without impaired autoregulatory functions of the podocyte. In contrast to the well-established involvement of T cells, the role of B cells has not been clearly identified. However, B-cell biology has recently gained more attention, because rituximab (a monoclonal antibody directed against CD20-bearing cells) demonstrated a very good therapeutic response in the treatment of childhood and adult MCNS. Here, we discuss recent insights into the pathogenesis of MCNS in children.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2012

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is systemic small vessel vasculitis that is very rare in childhood. MPA is characterized by pauci-immune necrotizing small vessel vasculitis without clinical or pathological evidence of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Approximately 90% of patients have glomerulonephritis that is accompanied by a variety of other organ involvement. A 10-year-old girl visited our clinic with clinical manifestations suggestive Henoch-Sch$\ddot{o}$nlein purpura nephritis such as purpuric skin rash, abdominal pain, arthralgia on both knees, massive proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. So initially we suspected Henoch-Sch$\ddot{o}$nlein purpura nephritis. However, later her perinuclear-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies(p-ANCA) test was positive, and her renal biopsy was consistent with microscopic polyangiitis. We began steroid therapy, combined with cyclophosphamide, ACE inhibitor. Currently she is a 12-year old, and until now she has been regularly examined in the outpatient. We report a case of microscopic polyangiitis initially suspected with Henoch-Sch$\ddot{o}$nlein purpura nephritis.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2006

Cephalexin, one of most widely prescribed cephalosporin, has been reported to cause acute renal failure as a side effect in human and experimental animals. Although numerous animal studies have been reported for the cephalosporin nephrotoxicity, the molecular and cellular nephrotoxic mechanisms of cephalexin are still unknown. This investigation evaluated the time-dependent gene expression profile of kidney in mouse during cephalexin induced nephrotoxicity. C57BL/6 female mice were administered either saline or 1,000 mg/kg cephalexin intraperitoneally. Mice were sacrificed at 3, 6, and 24 hr after administration. Blood biochemical and histopathological results indicated cephalexin induced nephrotoxicity. Microarray experiment carried out using Affymetrix $GeneChip^{(R)}$. There were 198 informative genes that were significantly expressed >5-fold versus control at 3, 6, and 24 hr (p<0.01), of which 156 and 42 were up-and down-regulated, respectively. Major classes of up-regulated genes at 3, 6 hr included those involved in MAPK/Jak-STAT signaling pathway and immune response such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and complement and coagulation cascades. At 24 hr, up-regulated genes were mainly involved in regeneration/repair and immune response; down-regulated genes were generally associated with transporters and intermediary metabolism. Among the up-regulated genes at 24 hr, several potential biomarkers on nephrotoxicity such as Kim-1, Fga, Timp1, and Slc34a2 were clustered in a same category. In addition, Tnfrsf12a and Lcn2 which were consistently up-regulated (>5 fold) were also included as potential biomarkers. These results may provide clues for elucidating the mechanism of cephalexin induced nephrotoxicity and evaluating potential biomarkers to assess nephrotoxicity.