• The Korean Nurse
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 1998

ursing as a profession is characterized by its holistic, mind-body-spirit approach to the patient. Also, nurses have historically been the leaders in health education and promotion. Parish nursing has a great potential for providing primary preventive health care. services as well as assisting people to access the health care system. While working in the community, parish nurses see the church as the new arena for delivering health care services. The parish nurse program was introduced by Granger Westberg in 1984. The concept of parish nursing is based on several beliefs; health is multidimensional and affects all aspects of an individual-physical, psychological, social, and spiritaul being. Parish nursing is one model in which churches can cooperatively work with health care institutions to address the needs of their parishioners. The role of the parish nurse is emphasized in four basic area: a) health education, b) health counseling, c) referal services, and d) facilitation and organization of support groups within the congregation. The parish nurse programs work chiefly in congregation or commuity where a certain language of faith is ready at hand. This means that the parish nurse works in an ecology of meanings and care which encourages the drawing on the message of God's grace, the practices and habits it encourages. The parish nurse may be involved in the church's health ministries and may work on either paid or volunteer basis; however, one of the most important qualification of the parish nurse is to have the nursing knowledge and skills to practice within the standards of Nursing Practice Act. The completion of standards of practice for professional nurses practicing as parish nurses had been identified as a priority by the HMA Executive Board (1996, HMA). In conclusion, parish nursing promotes health and healing by empowering the faith community, family, or individual to incorporate health and healing practices. There are several preconditions that should proceed to establish the foundation for successful development of the parish nursing program in Korea. First, reciprocal relationship with home health nursing should be considered. Second, correct terms and concepts of parish nursing should be studied and understood. Third, systematic study and investigation should be followed for further development of parish nursing. Fourth, strengths and weaknesses of different models should be studied to develop proper model of parish nursing for Korean situation. Finally, consensus of standardized education program and corporation with various religious communities as well as health institutions should be established. When these preconditions are met, the role of parish nursing as a new program for the promotion of holistic health will be established.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.59-68
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• 2011

In Korea, most of the locations of the cemeteries and burial vault are in forest lands. The utilization of forest land for this particular purpose is very inefficent and considered to be a serious problem. National government (Forest Service), local governments (Incheon city), and religious corporation (eunhoe Temple) are creating new burial methods to solve the inefficiency in forest utilization. In this study, awareness of Koreans and Japaneses on tree burial problems were compared. Based from the results of the survey, more than 80% of the respondents are aware of the problems. However, the burial culture in Korea still has many problems. Operation and management of tree burial is not being done by experts and sufficient information regarding to this type of burial still needs to developed. To solve these problems, eco-friendly burial, which is considered as new funeral culture, is now being created. In the case of Ichinoseki City in Iwate prefecture in Japan, improving the residential environment greatly affected the tree burial practices. This town was chosen for this study due to its characteristics of being a tourism area which greatly affecting the economy of this town. Another study site of this study was located in Sangju city. The changing social environement and the perception of the people regarding on the services being provided to the people were examined thru questionnaire survey. Specifically, this study analyzed the practices and beliefs of the people regarding the tree burial culture.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 2021

This study identifies the characteristics of changes in the subway passengers and the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases in Seoul. We classify subway stations by applying the principal components extracted based on the correlation between them, and analyzed the passenger traffics and geographical characteristics of each cluster. We extract the "top decile" and "lowest decile" stations among the subway stations that the number of subway passengers have decreased in 2020 compared to 2019, and then examine the population and land use characteristics of station areas both station groups. As the result of cluster analysis according to principal component scores, we obtain 6 cluster types. Subway stations belong to the top deciles which have shown the larger decrease in the passenger traffics tend to more sensitive to COVID-19 shocks. Stations belonging to the top tenth percentile of reduced traffic have a high distribution of daytime traffic, and the hinterland of the station has relatively high land use related to commercial and cultural, religious, and social activities. Therefore, it is expected that the regional resilience around subway stations will also show differences in degree by type.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.155-179
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• 2013

Becoming independent in 1956, Sudan has since experienced a number of coups $d^{\prime}{\acute{e}}tat$, religious conflicts between the Islamic north and the Christian south, conflicts between the north-south population composition and races, two civil wars for nearly 40 years due to a clash of interests over resources and others, and the Darfur crisis in which hundreds of thousands died. In 1983, as the Sudanese government forced Islamic laws on the southern region where many Christians lived, the civil war resumed and suffered heavy casualties. Although a brief period of tranquility is maintained at the present moment as South Sudan seceded, military conflicts continue to arise. The objective of this research is to understand the North-South Sudan conflict by examining its history and course. For this purpose, chapter 2 will make a theoretical and reality approach for conflict items and solutions. Chapter 3 will discuss the historical background and reasons for the Sudanese conflict by considering Sudan before 19th century, the Egyptian conquest of Sudan and the diverging North and South, Sudanese independence and other divisions yet again, and finally the North-South conflicts over religion and resources. In Chapter 4, there will be an analysis of the course of the Sudan Civil War by separating it into the First and Second Civil War. In Chapter 5, the consequences and future prospect will be presented in lieu of the conclusion.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.32
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• pp.7-30
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• 2016

The inter­relationship of Korea southeast region community related to a mask dramas in depth. The Folk mask dramas are, for traditional community members to live well and enjoy cultural practices in society. Even if a mask drama would be performed in the 21st century, it would be the one of traditional society. It shows the life of traditional society and proposes the issue of traditional society. The thing is handed down well with technology of a mask drama assigned as intangible cultural asset. The Korea southeast region, Kyongsang Provinces, or Yeongnam area has been handed down several kind of mask dramas. These are Byeolsingut Talnori with religious, the Ogwangdae of wandering play team, the Ogwangdae of local residents, and the Dulnorum of local residents. The mask dramas of Korea southeast region are specified as intangible cultural asset, many traditional mask play were restored. The restoring is imitation. These things are difficult to assigned as the intangible cultural asset. But though it is the imitation of the mask dramas, it is culture phenomenon. So we need to make the fostering system.

• Maritime Security
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.93-117
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• 2020

Four cargo ships were ambushed by bombs in 2019 while navigating in the Strait of Hormuz. It was not clear who attacked those ships, however, many nations including the United States argued that it was Iran due to several reasons. The United States established the maritime collective defense system named International Maritime Security Construct (IMSC) in order to protect the maritime security in the Strait of Hormuz, without disclosure against whom it is aimed. Persian, who uses the Persian language unlike other countries in the Middle East, is the major ethnic group in Iran, and most of them believe Shi'ah Islam while most of the Arabs in the Gulf countries adhere to Sunni Islam. It seems that historic and religious motives caused the bipolar system in the Middle East, however, it is plausible to analyze the system of international affairs in the Middle East via defensive or structural realism. Iran has attempted to maintain its hegemony in the region by supporting Shi'ah muslims in the neighboring countries as well as in the world by using military and economic means. In this context, Iran's maritime strategy is to maintain its maritime hegemony on the Persian Gulf via countering threats and cooperating with friendly navies by using the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy(IRIN) and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy(IRGCN). IRIN acts like other navies in the world: protecting national interest at sea, expending its operational areas to the outer seas, and enhancing cooperation with other navies. Meanwhile, IRGCN plays a role as an asymmetric force at sea. It is composed of small and fast asymmetric assets, which can ambush ships fast and furious. Considering the poor study for Iran's maritime strategy in Korea, analyzing the strategy is meaningful for the Republic of Korea Navy, which has operated the Cheonghae Unit for more than ten years since it has extended its operational area over the Strait of Hormuz. In order not to be drawn into the conflict in the Strait, research on the maritime strategy of Iran and other countries in the Middle East should be started.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.64
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• pp.323-345
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• 2020

This study investigated the recognition and difficulty of Christian early childhood education curriculum of Christian early childhood education by analyzing cases of Christian early childhood curriculum experienced by 10 Christian early childhood teachers with more than 4 years of experience in the metropolitan area. From April 4 to June 24, 2018, data were collected by transcribing through a total of 22 interviews: individual interviews (20 times) and group interviews (2 times). In order to categorize the interview data, derive the core categories, and increase the accuracy and validity of data interpretation, it was sent to the study participants for member check and verified by two early childhood education experts. As a result, the perception and difficulty of Christian early childhood teachers' perceptions and difficulties in the Christian curriculum were analyzed as 'Applying Church Education to Nuri Course', 'Applying Nuri Course to Church Education', and 'Learners Understanding for Integration of Church Education and Nuri Course' did. It is hoped that the understanding of the Christian early childhood curriculum will be helped through the recognition and difficulty of the Christian early childhood curriculum experienced by Christian early childhood teachers, and will be provided as basic data for finding a desirable Christian early childhood curriculum.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.66
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• pp.49-74
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• 2021

This article is to an curriculum area's academic retrospection and hoping future of KSCRE through analyzing of the article in Journal of Christian Education. The methodology for analyzing the Journal of Christian Education is the historical perspectives which are divided into the period of beginning(1996-2010), the period of growth(2011-2015), the period of maturity(2016-2020). Three periods are categorized into curriculum theory, educational learner, educational context. The number of articles in three periods are eight article(25.8%), thirteen article(41.93%), ten article(32.26%). And seven article in curriculum theory, five article in educational learner, nineteen article in education context. Articles of curriculum theory have a tendency into the reconceptualization as the five articles of seven articles. This tendency will maintains in the future of the Christian curriculum by the nature of Christian education as interdisciplinary including theology. Educational learners in the study of Christian curriculum are female, laity, infant, parent which have not any tendency but variety of educational learners. Educational contexts have one article to the home, four articles to the church, fourteen article to the schools including theological schools. For the development of christian curriculum the christian curriculum is studied in balance of educational contexts.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.66
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• pp.309-341
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop an intelligent learning platform model for faith education in preparation for the post-corona era. This study reviewed artificial intelligence algorithms, research on learning platform development, and prior research related to faith education. The draft of the intelligent learning platform design model was developed by synthesizing previous studies. The developed draft model was validated by a Delphi survey targeting 5 experts. The content validity of the developed draft model was all 1. This is the validation of the draft model. Three revised opinions of experts were presented on the model. And the model was revised to reflect the opinions of experts. The modified final model consisted of three areas: learning materials, learning activities, learning data, and artificial intelligence. Each area is composed of 9 elements of curriculum, learning content additional learning resources, learner type, learning behavior, evaluation behavior, learner characteristic data, learning activity data, artificial intelligence data, and learning analysis. Each component has 29 sub-elements. In addition, 14 learning floors were formed. The biggest implication of this study is the first development of a basic model of an intelligent learning platform for faith education.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.70
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• pp.267-302
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• 2022

Digital transformation, which is accelerating in each area of society due to the COVID-19 pandemic, is also having a profound effect on Christian education. A representative example of digital transformation is the emergence of a digital world called the metaverse. This study understands the metaverse as an expanded space for Christian education and explores digital storytelling as a method for faith formation. It is argued that the characteristics of digital storytelling through metaverse spaces are characterized by interactivity, agency, audiovisuality, sociality, and openness, and that modification through Christian educational frames is necessary in order for this approach to be appropriated to Christian educational practice. To this end, this study examines Anne Wimberly's story-linking approach, and Mary Hess' approach on digital storytelling, which is understood as a way of faith formation for the liberation and Christian vocation through storytelling in a digital space, focusing on authority, authenticity, and agency. It is argued that Christian education on the Metaverse should be a place for change in the Christian life and formation of vocation, and a space where participants' active responses to God's grace be practiced in a digital space in a reciprocal way. This means that learners are encouraged to participate in expressive and relational education that is practiced in the form of play and creation, responding to God's initiative in the metaverse. This study argues that for digital storytelling through the metaverse to become a process of faith formation, it is necessary to connect stories of participants with the story of God's Kingdom in the expanded digital world, aim for a reciprocal space through hospitality and listening, and promote immersive participation and holistic reflection.