• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.380-389
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• 2018

Black vinegar has been traditionally used for supplemental flavoring on food, and commercialized beverages. Here, to investigate the effects on in vivo anti-obesity complications of black vinegar produced with herbal extracts, we evaluated on the biochemical effects of high-fat diet (HFD) induced mice compared to control fed ones. After a 84-day experiment HFD mice had higher (P < 0.05) weight gains, relative abdominal-fat pads, blood glucose level, serum/liver lipids, and serum nephron indices. Continuous oral treatment of three different concentration of herbal black vinegar (HBV; stock, 2-fold, and 4-fold diluted solution) to HFD mice showed that HBV reduced marked obesity (fat depositions, adipocyte hypertrophy), hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia (serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol levels), enhanced liver function (AST/ALT), and kidney function (BUN, creatine levels), respectively. Thus, HBV is expected to serve as an efficient and functional supplemental ingredients or food for the alleviation of obesity syndrome.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 1999

The effects of dietary protein level on growth, feed utlization and liver size were studied with juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) of 6.88$\pm$0.54 g (mean$\pm$SD). Five isoenergetic diets containing 44.4 to 64.7% protein were fed to triplicate groups of 50 fish in a flow-through system for 6 weeks. All fish showed a relative increase of more than 300% in final weight. There were, however, no significant differences (P>0.05) in weight gain (16.1 to 17.3 g) and specific growth rate (2.9 to 3.0) among fish groups. A higher protein diets resulted in a lower feed intake. Feed: gain ratio linearly improved (P<0.05) when protein level increased from 44.4 to 59.7%. The lowest protein efficiency ratio was observed in fish fed the highest protein diet. Hepatosomatic index of fish significantly decreased from 10.7 to 7.3% with an increase in protein level. Results from this study suggest that haddock could grow well even when fed the diet with protein lower than 44.4%.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2012

The goal of this study was to examine the ameliorative effects of black ginseng(BG) in male obese diabetic C57BLKS/ J-db/db mice. Ten-week-old male db/db mice were administrated 300 mg/kg of F-BG daily for 6 weeks, The db/db mice where corresponded to the normal group and db/db mice which were the diabetic positive group were not provided BG treatment. The supressive effects of treatment were examined on serum lipids levels, which included total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acid. Also, weight changes and the relative weight of liver and kidney, organ pathological investigation were measured. The effects of treatment were assessed by comparing the results of the db/db mice that received BG for 6 weeks with that of the diabetic positive group. Significant differences in several biological parameters such as HDL level(p<0.05), TG level(p<0.05) and NEFA level(p<0.05) were observed for the BG group. BG treatment increased the HDL level and decreased the NEFA level, which could ameliorate hyperlipidemia or blood circulation.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.489-495
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dried Momordica charantia aqueous extracts (MCA) and ethanol extracts (MCE) on obesity and lipid profiles in mice fed a high-fat diet. MATERIALS/METHODS: Forty two ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups. The normal group was fed a basal diet, and other groups were fed a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) for 7 weeks. The normal and HFD groups were also orally administered distilled water each day for 7 weeks. The remaining groups received Momordica charantia extract (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg/day MCA, and 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg/day MCE). In order to measure the anti-obesity and lipid profile improvement effects, body and visceral tissue weight, lipid profiles, plasma insulin levels, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. RESULTS: Both MCA and MCE significantly decreased body and visceral tissue weight relative to those of the HFD group (P < 0.05). Additionally high doses of MCE and MCA significantly reduced the plasmatic insulin levels compared to the HFD groups (P < 0.05) to concentrations comparable to those found in the normal group. MCA and MCE supplementation also significantly modulated the lipid profiles in plasma, liver, and feces compared to mice fed the HFD (P < 0.05). Furthermore MCA and MCE significantly increased hepatic SOD activity, and reduced MDA generation in the liver of the HFD mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present study suggest that Momordica charantia extracts have anti-obesity effects and the ability to modulate lipid prolife of mice fed a HFD by suppressing body weight gain, visceral tissue weight, plasma and hepatic lipid concentrations, and lipid peroxidation along with increasing lipid metabolism.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.202-211
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• 1996

Experiments were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the immunobiological effects on route of administration of amygdalin(AM). Rats were administered orally at 12.5, 25, or 50mg/kg/day of AM or injected wtih 25,50, or 100mg/kg/day of AM intravenously for 2 weeks. Rats were immunized and challenged with sheep red blood cells(SRBC). The results of this study were summarized as follows;(1) In oral administration of AM, body weight gains were significantly increased by 50mg/kg AM as compared with controls, the relative weights of liver and thymus also were significantly increased by 12.5 and 25mg/kg AM. However, 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant hemagglutination titier (2-MER HA), Plaque forming cells (PFC) and rosette forming cells (RFC) were non-dose dependently decreased. Phagocytic activity and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction also were significantly decreased by 50mg/kg AM. (2) In intravenous injection of AM, body weight gains, hemagglutination titer (HA), 2MER-HA, DTH reaction, PFC, RFC and circulating leukocytes were not influenced by AM. However, the relative weights of liver, spleen and thymus were significantly enhanced 100mg/kg AM. These results indicated that oral administration of AM non-dose dependently suppresses humoral and cell-mediated immunity in SD rats, and that intravenous injection of AM is unaffected humoral and cell-mediated immunity, however, the high dose of it significantly enhances phagocytic activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.836-842
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to study the performance of broilers chicks (2 to 42 d of age) fed diets containing pearl millet (PM, Pennisetum typhoides), foxtail millet (FOM, Setaria italica) or finger millet (FIM, Elusine coracana) totally replacing (w/w) yellow maize (YM) with and with out supplementing non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolysing enzymes at the rate of 0.5 g/kg diet. Enzyme preparation contained amylase 2,400 units, hemi-cellulase 5,400 units, cellulase 12,000 units, protease 2,400 units and beta-glucanase 106 units/g. Each diet was fed to eight replicates (five female Vencob broilers/replicate) housed in stainless steel battery brooders. The estimated metabolizable energy (ME) contents of YM, PM, FOM and FIM were FM (PM) were about 3,389, 2,736, 3,303 and 2,846 kcal/kg, respectively. Total replacement of YM with FOM did not influence the body weight gain, ready to cook yield, relative weights of giblet, liver, intestine, lymphoid organs (bursa and spleen) and length of intestine, antibody titers and livability at 42 d of age. But the food efficiency decreased significantly in FOM fed broilers compared those fed YM. Further, the fat content in thigh muscle reduced with FOM fed groups compared to those fed YM. The performance of broilers decreased significantly in PM and FIM fed broilers compared to those fed YM. The relative weights of giblet, gizzard and liver increased in FIM fed groups compared to those fed YM as the principal source of energy in broilers. Incorporation of NSP hydrolysing enzymes in commercial broiler diets improved the efficiency of feed utilization during starter phase but not at 42 d of age. The results thus indicate that yellow maize can be replaced in toto on weight basis in commercial broiler diets without affecting the performance. Supplementation of NSP hydrolysing enzymes was beneficial in enhancing feed utilization during the starter phase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.841-847
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• 2005

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the development of gastrointestinal tract and activities of pancreatic enzymes in White Roman geese. Thirty developing embryos at the 22th, 24th and 26th day of incubation and at hatching, and sixteen or eight goslings, half males and half females, at the 1, 3, 7 or 11, 14, 21 and 28 days of age were sampled, respectively. The weights of the yolk, gastrointestinal tract and intestinal length, and the activities of pancreatic enzymes were measured. Residual yolk weight decreased rapidly during late incubation and was nearly depleted at 3 days of age. The protein and energy contents in the residual yolk of goslings at 3 days of age were significantly (p<0.05) less than those at the late incubation. From 6 days before hatching to 28 days of age, the absolute weights of gizzard, proventriculus, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine in goslings increased by 48, 457, 94, 2334, 89 and 76 times, respectively. The relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, liver, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine reached peaks at 3, 3, 14, 14, 11 and 11 days of age, respectively, and then decreased gradually. However, the relative lengths of small intestine and large intestine reached peaks at 3 days of age and at hatching, respectively. The activities of pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin increased sharply from hatching to 14 day of age, and then decreased gradually until 21 days of age. The activity and specific activity of pancreatic amylase were increased following by age and peaked at 7 to 11 and 21 days of age, respectively. The activity and specific activity of pancreatic lipase reached a plateau from 11 to 28 days of age. These results indicate that the gastrointestinal tract and activities of pancreatic enzymes developed more rapidly than body weight through the early growing period of goslings.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.54-73
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• 2015

Objectives The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of Yikgeebohyul-tang aqueous extracts (YKBHT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods The rats were divided into 6 groups : intact vehicle control, PTU control, LT4, YKBHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. Hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. YKBHT aqueous extracts were administered once a day as an oral dose of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg for 42 days. The changes were observed : weight of body, thyroid gland, liver, testis, epididymis and prostate, serum thyroid hormone levels, serum male sex hormone levels, serum lipid profiles, liver and testis antioxidant system. These results were compared with LT4 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated rats. Results These PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic and male reproductive organ damages were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of YKBHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and YKBHT also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense factor changes in the both liver and testis. Although, LT4 also inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and relative liver damages. But it deteriorated the hypothyroidism related testis, epididymis and prostate damages through testicular oxidative damages. Conclusions : The result of this study suggests that YKBHT has favorable effects on the hypothyroidism and related liver and reproductive organ damages with augmentation of antioxidant defense factor in the testis and liver. YKBHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related liver and male reproductive organ damages in rats.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1998

Chitosan is a nontoxic natural chealtor which was made by chitin, and reduced a contamination of radiostrontium in animals. In this experiment, A different molecular weight of C-14 chitosan was intravenously administered to mice, and then the distribution of C-14 chitosan in the body was observed. Male mice (8 to 10 weeks, body weight of 30 to 35g) of ICR strain were used. C-14 chitosan was diluted with saline and then given intravenously in mice. After the administration of C-14 chitosan, mice was sacrificed at the 6th hour, 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. Beta radioactivities in the blood, liver, kidney, liver, muscle, testis, and urine was measured using a liquid scintillation analyzer. Most of the C-14 chitosan was excreted through urine within 6 hours. Biodistribution of C-14 chitosan was similar despite the difference of moleclar weight. Higher distributions of radioactivities were found in the liver, kidney, spleen. The relative concentration in tissue increased for the 6 hours and then decreased. In conclusion, most of C-14 chitosan was excreted through urine despite the difference of molecular weight. and, low molecular weight of C-14 chitosan showed higher distribution than high molecular weight of C-14 chitosan in tissues.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.490-495
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• 2000

Effect of Quartz porphyry (QP) on clinical chmical parameters in male common finch by feeding the basal diet (Control group) containing 3.0% QP (QP group) for 14 days was studied. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, the relative weight (mg/10 g body wight) of liver and heart were not significantly different in the both groups. However, the relative weights of kidney and gizzard in the QP group were higher and lower than in the control group, respectively. The contents of triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, glucose and albumin, and the activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in serum were not significantly different in the both groups. The activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in serum were lower and higher in the QP group than in the control group.