• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2012

To decrease employees' job stress in the viewpoint of occupational health is very important to improve the productivity and quality of labor. In this study, the job stress, and it's influence on job commitment and organizational commitment were investigated by the questionnaire survey of 259 industrial workers. As results, the majority of workers were under job stress resulted from job demand, job control, and coworker's support. The work times per a week and night work had significant relationships with job demand, and the maximum negative relationship between the work times per a week and job continuous commitment was found. Job demand had the significant relationship with job affective and normative commitment, and job control had the significant relationship with job normative commitment and organizational affective commitment. Moreover, job affective and normative commitment had the significant relationship with organizational continuous commitment. Finally, it was found that cyclic organic chain was composed of work times per a week, night work, salary, job demand, job control, job affective and normative commitment, and organizational affective and continuous commitment. The results of this study indicates that reducing cyclic organic chain is urgently necessary to increase employees' job satisfaction and company commitment.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.129-159
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• 2014

This Study discuss exploring normative-prescriptive factors after the themes on Organizational learning categorize two descriptive/explanatory-perspectives, prescriptive/normative dimension. The former would contain information processing model, theory of action, organizing in organization, while Senge's suggestion on Learning Organization may compose the latter. Each perspective is reconstructed and reinterpreted into the causal mapping relationship founded on system thinking and SD. Underlying on the former try to discovery validities of the latter. But this study only put forward the integral-dynamic model of organizational learning without empirical simulation.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1021-1037
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• 2015

This study analyzed the impact of sense of self-efficacy on job satisfaction and organizational commitment among technical designers in order to acquire information needed for human resources management in the field of technical design. The study was implemented through a normative-descriptive survey method using a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 217 technical designers working at vendors and agents located in Seoul. The results revealed that there were significant differences in the sense of self-efficacy levels among technical designers according to age and work experience. Personal self-efficacy had a positive influence on both intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction, but also on affective, continuance, and normative organizational commitment. In addition, personal self-efficacy had a greater influence on extrinsic job satisfaction than social self-efficacy. Both personal and social self-efficacy influenced continuance commitment while there was no relationship between social self-efficacy and affective organizational commitment. However, a clear relationship was found between both social and personal self-efficacy and normative organizational commitment. Nevertheless, social self-efficacy had a greater influence on normative organizational commitment than personal self-efficacy. This fact demonstrates the need to exert more effort to promote the sense of personal self-efficacy of technical designers. These results could be used to provide appropriate proposals for human resources management in the field of technical design.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.123-135
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• 2001

The purpose of this paper is to examine bedroom-need norms and the relationship between normative deficits for bedroom sharing and housing space satisfaction of adolescent. Three cases were mainly considered to apply for adolescents to share a bedroom: maximum age and number limits of a child sharing a parents'bedroom, maximum age of an old child sharing a bedroom with its siblings of the opposite sex, and maximum age of an old child sharing a bedroom with its siblings of the same sex. The data were collected 400 eighth grade students in the three different size of regions, June-July, 1999 and 379 cases were finally analyzed. The result showed that the normative deficits for bedroom sharing was a statistically signiticant factor to explain housing space satisfaction of adolescents even though the condition of bedroom sharing was the most influencial variable. This reset supports the family housing adjustment behavior model of Morris and Winter.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2016

Background: This study seeks to examine the relationship and impact of occupational health and safety on employees' organizational commitment in Ghana's mining industry. The study explores occupational health and safety and the different dimensions of organizational commitment. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used for this study. The respondents were selected based on simple random sampling. Out of 400 questionnaires administered, 370 were returned (77.3% male and 22.7% female) and used for the study. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the relationship and impact between the variables. Results: The findings of this study revealed positive and significant relationship between occupational health and safety management, and affective, normative, and continuance commitment. Additionally, the results revealed the significant impact of occupational health and safety on affective, normative, and continuance commitment. Conclusion: Management within the mining sector of Ghana must recognize the fact that workers who feel healthy and safe in the performance of their duties, develop emotional attachment and have a sense of obligation to their organization and are most likely committed to the organization. Employees do not just become committed to the organization; rather, they expect management to first think about their health and safety needs by instituting good and sound policy measures. Thus, management should invest in the protection of employees' health and safety in organizations.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.51-89
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• 2007

INTRODUCTION Due to the high broadband internet penetration rate and its group-oriented culture, various types of online communities operate in Korea. This study use 'Uses and Gratification Approach, and argue that members' usage-needs satisfaction with brand community is an important factor for promoting community commitment. Based on previous studies identifying the effect of brand image on consumers' responses to various marketing stimuli, this study hypothesizes that brand image can be a moderate variable affecting the relationship between usage-needs satisfaction with brand community and members' commitment to brand community. This study analyzes the influence of usage-needs satisfaction on brand community commitment and how apparel brand image affects the relationships between usage-needs satisfactions and community commitments. The hypotheses of this study are proposed as follows. H1-3: The usage-needs satisfaction of apparel brand community (interest, transaction, relationship needs) influences emotional (H1), continuous (H2), and normative (H3) commitments to apparel brand communities. H4-6: Apparel brand image has a moderating effect on the relationship between usage-needs satisfaction and emotional (H4), continuous (H5), and normative (H6) commitments to apparel brand communities. METHODS Brand communities founded by non-company affiliates were excluded and emphasis was placed instead on communities created by apparel brand companies. Among casual apparel brands registered in 6 Korean portal sites in August 2003, a total of 9 casual apparel brand online communities were chosen, depending on the level of community activity and apparel brand image. Data from 317 community members were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, moderated regression analysis, ANOVA, and scheffe test. Among 317 respondents answered an online html-type questionnaire, 80.5% were between 16 to 25 years old. There were a total of 150 respondents from apparel brand communities(n=3) recording higher-than-average brand image scores (Mean > 3.75) and a total of 162 respondents from apparel brand communities(n=6) recording lower-than-average brand image scores(Mean < 3.75). In this study, brand community commitment was measured by a 5-point Likert scale: emotional, continuous and normative commitment. The degree of usage-needs satisfaction (interest, transaction, relationship needs) was measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The level of brand image was measured by a 5-point Likert scale: strength, favorability, and uniqueness of brand associations. RESULTS In the results of exploratory factor analysis, the three usage-needs satisfactions with brand community were classified as interest, transaction, and relationship needs. Brand community commitment was also divided into the multi-dimensional factors: emotional, continuous, and normative commitments. The regression analysis (using a stepwise method) was used to test the influence of 3 independent variables (interest-needs satisfaction, transaction-needs, and relationship-needs satisfactions) on the 3 dependent variables (emotional, continuous and normative commitments). The three types of usage-needs satisfactions are positively associated with the three types of commitments to apparel brand communities. Therefore, hypothesis 1, 2, and 3 were significantly supported. Moderating effects of apparel brand image on the relationship between usage-needs satisfaction and brand community commitments were tested by moderated regression analysis. The statistics result showed that the influence of transaction-needs on emotional commitment was significantly moderated by apparel brand image. In addition, apparel brand image had moderating effects on the relationship between relationship-needs satisfaction and emotional, continuous and normative commitments to apparel brand communities. However, there were not significant moderate effects of apparel brand image on the relationships between interest-needs satisfaction and 3 types of commitments (emotional, continuous and normative commitments) to apparel brand communities. In addition, the influences of transaction-needs satisfaction on 2 types of commitments (continuous and normative commitments) were not significantly moderated by apparel brand image. Therefore, hypothesis 4, 5 and 6 were partially supported. To explain the moderating effects of apparel brand image, four cross-tabulated groups were made by averages of usage-needs satisfaction (interest-needs satisfaction avg. M=3.09, transaction-needs satisfaction avg. M=3.46, relationship-needs satisfaction M=1.62) and the average apparel brand image (M=3.75). The average scores of commitments in each classified group are presented in Tables and Figures. There were significant differences among four groups. As can be seen from the results of scheffe test on the tables, emotional commitment in community group with high brand image was higher than one in community group with low brand image when transaction-needs satisfaction was high. However, when transaction-needs satisfaction was low, there was not any difference between the community group with high brand image and community group with low brand image regarding emotional commitment to apparel brand communities. It means that emotional commitment didn't increase significantly without high satisfaction of transaction-needs, despite the high apparel brand image. In addition, when apparel brand image was low, increase in transaction-needs did not lead to the increase in emotional commitment. Therefore, the significant relationship between transaction-needs satisfaction and emotional commitment was found in only brand communities with high apparel brand image, and the moderating effect of apparel brand image on this relationship between two variables was found in the communities with high satisfaction of transaction-needs only. Statistics results showed that the level of emotional commitment is related to the satisfaction level of transaction-needs, while overall response is related to the level of apparel brand image. We also found that the role of apparel brand image as a moderating factor was limited by the level of transaction-needs satisfaction. In addition, relationship-needs satisfaction brought significant increase in emotional commitment in both community groups (high and low levels of brand image), and the effect of apparel brand image on emotional commitment was significant in both community groups (high and low levels of relationship-needs satisfaction). Especially, the effect of brand image was greater when the level of relationship-needs satisfaction was high. in contrast, increase in emotional commitment responding to increase in relationship-needs satisfaction was greater when apparel brand image is high. The significant influences of relationship-needs satisfaction on community commitments (continuous and normative commitments) were found regardless of apparel brand image(in both community groups with low and high brand image). However, the effects of apparel brand image on continuous and normative commitments were found in only community group with high satisfaction level of relationship-needs. In the case of communities with low satisfaction levels of relationship needs, apparel brand image marginally increases continuous and normative commitments. Therefore, we could not find the moderating effect of apparel brand image on the relationship between relationship-needs satisfaction and continuous and normative commitments in community groups with low satisfaction levels of relationship needs, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS From the results of this study, we draw several conclusions; First, the increases in usage-needs satisfactions through apparel brand communities result in the increases in commitments to apparel brand communities, wheres the degrees of such relationship depends on the level of apparel brand image. That is, apparel brand image is a moderating factor strengthening the relationship between usage-needs satisfaction and commitment to apparel brand communities. In addition, the effect of apparel brand image differs, depending on the level and types of community usage-needs satisfactions. Therefore, marketers of apparel brand companies must determine the appropriate usage-needs, depending on the type of commitment they wish to increase and the level of their apparel brand image, to promote member's commitments to apparel brand communities. Especially, relationship-needs satisfaction was very important factor for increasing emotional, continuous and normative commitments to communities. However the level of relationship-needs satisfaction was lower than interest-needs and transaction-needs. satisfaction. According to previous study on apparel brand communities, relationship-need satisfaction was strongly related to member's intention of participation in their communities. Therefore, marketers need to develope various strategies in order to increase the relationship- needs as well as interest and transaction needs. In addition, despite continuous commitment was higher than emotional and normative commitments, all types of commitments to apparel brand communities had scores lower than 3.0 that was mid point in 5-point scale. A Korean study reported that the level of members' commitment to apparel brand community influenced customers' identification with a brand and brand purchasing behavior. Therefore, marketers should try to increase members' usage-needs satisfaction and apparel brand image as the necessary conditions for bringing about community commitments. Second, marketers should understand that they should keep in mind that increasing the level of community usage needs (transaction and relationship) is most effective in raising commitment when the level of apparel brand image is high, and that increasing usage needs (transaction needs) satisfaction in communities with low brand image might not be as effective as anticipated. Therefore, apparel companies with desirable brand image such as luxury designer goods firms need to create formal online brand communities (as opposed to informal communities with rudimentary online contents) to satisfy transaction and relationship needs systematically. It will create brand equity through consumers' increased emotional, continuous and normative commitments. Even though apparel brand is very famous, emotional commitment to apparel brand communities cannot be easily increased without transaction-needs satisfaction. Therefore famous fashion brand companies should focus on developing various marketing strategies to increase transaction-needs satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.315-325
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to propose useful standards evaluation method using standards networks by analyzing the relationship between normative references citation information list. Methods: The collected data through the survey were analyzed using social network analysis. The measurement tools used for this study were divided into three dimensions such as certificate standard, normative reference and degree centrality. Results: The results of this study are as follows; regarding the influence of standard information, It is meaningful that the research using normative reference item among the bibliography information that the standard itself possesses. The analysis of social network analysis data of population standard, normative reference and the correlation analysis with sales, a variable representing actual utilization performance, suggested the importance of the standard and how to evaluate it. Conclusion: In prioritizing standard maintenance, more efficient management will be possible if centrality figures of standard network information are analyzed and used for standard maintenance.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.711-717
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between psychological wellbeing of social welfare facility workers and their organizational commitment. The subjects of this study were 230 social welfare facility workers in OO city, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Analysis was conducted using the SPSS program, including frequency analysis, reliability analysis and correlation analysis, and regression analysis on the causal relationship between variables. The results of the study showed that the psychological wellbeing of social welfare facility workers had a meaningful effect on their emotional commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment. These results confirmed that the higher the psychological wellbeing of social welfare facility workers, the higher the sub-factors of organizational commitment, such as emotional, continuous, normative commitment, resulting in positive effects on the achievement of goals and values that are pursued by the welfare facilities. This study aims to become foundational data for the improvement of working conditions to improve psychological wellbeing of social welfare facility workers to increase organizational commitment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.739-748
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to better understand the factors of the mentoring function in the foodservice industry that improve the organizational commitment of subordinates, and to asses the roles that trust towards supervisors play in the relationship between the mentoring and organizational commitment. A survey was of subordinates who were conducting the mentoring in foodservice companies (hotels, family restaurants) located in Seoul and Gyeonggi area was conducted from May 1 to May 30, 2008. The questionnaires were distributed to 400 employees in 50 restaurants and, 341 of them were received and a total of 320 were finally analyzed. The results were as follows. First, the effect of mentoring functions on the organizational commitment of subordinates indicated that the career developing function and psychosocial function had a significant positive effect on the emotional commitment and normative commitment (p<.01), and the career developing function, psychosocial function and role modeling function had a significant positive effect on the enduring commitment (p<.01). Second, the mediating roles of supervisory trust in the relationship between mentoring functions and organizational commitment of subordinates indicated that supervisory trust mediated the relationship between the career developing function of the mentoring functions, and enduring commitment and normative commitment in addition, it met the mediating requirements in terms of the relationship between the role modeling function, and the emotional commitment, enduring commitment and normative commitment. Consequently, the high career developing function, psychosocial function and role modeling function in mentoring raised the level of organizational commitment;thus, the mentoring system should used as on of the mentoring functions in the foodservice industry and mentoring functions should be also established.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.131-148
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• 2021

This study examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects corporate tax avoidance behavior. Using a sample of publicly listed U.S. firms, we find that legal CSR-which is required by law-reduces the level of corporate tax avoidance because this type of CSR reduces information asymmetry between investors and corporate management in such a way that investors are less likely to perceive tax avoidance behavior as a risk. On the other hand, we find that the relationship between normative CSR-which is a voluntary type of CSR behavior-and tax avoidance is not statistically significant. Instead, our additional analysis reveals that normative CSR increases the level of corporate tax avoidance conditional on reporting quality. This study provides meaningful implications to the academic literature and to practitioners. Not only does this study highlight the fact that not all CSR are alike, it highlights that it is important to provide transparent CSR information in order to allow stakeholders to estimate the net effects of firms' CSR activities and tax payment.