• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.365-370
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• 2012

Proximate composition, reducing sugar, and mineral content of several cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa were analyzed. the moisture and soluble solid content of fresh Rehmannia glutinosa ('Korea', 'Kokang', 'Sewon 10', 'Sewon 11' and 'Jihwang 1') were 74.6~78.4% and $19.6{\sim}22.4^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. Proximate composition of dried Rehmannia glutinosa ranged from 82.91~86.94% carbohydrate, 3.38~5.70% crude protein, 2.5~3.0% crude ash and 3.47~3.80% fiber. Sugar composition by HPLC/ELSD showed that sucrose (4.49~7.75 g/100 g), raffinose (2.96~4.78 g/100 g) and stachyose (42.36~45.87 g/100 g) were present, whereas monosaccharides were not detected in 5 cultivars of dried Rehmannia glutinosa. Mineral compositions of dried Rehmannia glutinosa by ICP-AES were Ca (639.9~782.0 ppm), Fe (128.5~634.9 ppm), Na (119~150 ppm), K (6,639.1~10,448.0 ppm), Mg (372.2~981.8 ppm) and Zn (8.8~474.2 ppm). However, Co and Mo were not detected. Among 5 cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa, 'Kokang' and 'Sewon 10' contain higher amounts of Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Cu and Zn than the other cultivars.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.3 s.31
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• pp.22-33
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• 2006

Objective : Angiogenesis induced by hypoxia and inflammation are an essential process of solid tumors and psoriasis. We researched the HIF-1 ${\alpha}$ (hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha), VEGF(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), survival related PI3K-Akt, and inflammation related COX-2 protein expressions to get the information of the mechanism and effects of Rehmannia glutinosa in HepG2 and HaCaT cell lines. Method : To investigate the roles of the Rehmannia glutinosa extract, we performed MTS assay and western blots using HaCaT cells and HepG2 cells. HaCaT cells and HepG2 cells were treated with $50{\mu}g/ml$ and $100{\mu}g/ml$ Rehmannia glutinosa extracts. After 4hrs, HaCaT cells were treated with IGF-II protein for 24hrs and HepG2 cells were treated with $CoCl_2$. Results : 1. We could ohserve that the reduction of the protein level of HIT-1 ${\alpha}$ induced by IGF-II in HaCaT cells. 2. We Could ohserve that the decreased PI3K-Akt and COX-2 expression level by Rehmannia glutinosa extracts treated in HaCaT cells independently ith ERK1/2. 3. We could observe that the reduction of the protein level of HIF-1 ${\alpha}$ induced by $CoCl_2$ in HepG2 cells. Conclusion : These results suggest that Rehmannia glutinosa extracts contributes to the anti-survival pathway and anti-inflammatory activities. Also, we could assume that Rehmannia glutinosa act as anti-inflanmmatory or anti-hypoxia agents via reduction of COX-2 and HIF-1 ${\alpha}$.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.145-160
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• 2011

Objectives : Rehmannia glutinosa has been used extensively in Korean traditional medicine. Although thorough clinical trials are lacking, Various pharmacological actions for Rehmannia glutinosa has been identified newly using animal models. In addition, it was reported that reactive intermediates, potentially causing toxic effects, was isolated from one of components in Rehmannia glutinosa. In this article, it is purposed for explanation and introduction of new studies for Rehmannia glutinosa in terms of pharmacological action and toxicology. Methods : New studies for Rehmannia glutinosa were reviewed and summarized in terms of pharmacological action and toxicity. Results and Conclusions : Rhmannia glutinosa and its components including iridoids, saccharides, as well as amino acid, showed a variety of pharmacological actions on the blood system, immune system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system and the nervous system. In addition, it was identified that aucubin, one of major components of Rhmannia glutinosa was biotransformed to reactive intermediates by ${\beta}$-glycosidase and acid-hydrolysis, resulting in forming aucubigenin- albumin adduct. Even if a lot of new pharmacological actions has been identified, it should be considered for Rhmannia glutinosa to contain the material producing reactive intermediates which may induce the side effects.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.311-314
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• 2007

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are the most important angiogenic molecules associated with tumor-induced neovascularization. This study was carried out to investigate inhibitory effect of extracts from root of Rehmannia glutinosa LIBOSCHITZ (Rehmannia Radix and Rehmannia Radix Preparata) on endothelial cell proliferation. The methanol extracts from the medicinal herb were fractionated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions. Among the four fractions, the n-butanol fraction from R. Radix on exhibited highly effective inhibition (${\approx}79%$ inhibition) on the binding of KDR/Flk-1-Fc to immobilized $VEGF_{165}$ and then ethyl acetate fraction from R. Radix (${\approx}45%$ inhibition) at the concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. The n-butanol fraction efficiently blocked the VEGF- and bFGF-induced HUVEC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect the growth of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. The n-butanol fraction more efficiently blocked the binding of KDR/Flk-1-Fc to immobilized $VEGF_{165}$ and VEGF- and bFGF-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation than the fraction from R. Radix Preparata. Our results suggest that Rehmannia Radix may be used as a candidate for developing anti-angiogenic agent.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 2012

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Rehmannia glutinosa on phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB) in the acute cocaine-treated rats. Rats orally received vehicle or extract of Rehmannia glutinosa 1 h prior to saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.) or cocaine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. Rats were sacrificed 15 min after a single intraperitoneal injection of saline or cocaine. Rehmannia glutinosa at dose of 50 mg/kg significantly decreased phosphorylation of ERK, CREB and Elk-1 in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of the cocaine-treated rat brain by immunocytochemistry. These results suggest that Rehmannia glutinosa may contribute to the effects of cocaine on gene expression and on behaviors.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2014

Jungkwa is a traditional Korean dessert preserved in honey or sucrose. This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and quality characteristics of Rehmannia glutinosa Jungkwa (RJ). RJ was prepared after six repeated cycles of boiling-cooling. After blanching fresh Rehmannia glutinosa (600 g) for 5 min at $100^{\circ}C$, Rehmannia glutinosa was boiled in sucrose syrup (sucrose 720 g in water 600 g) for 60 min and then cooled for 24 hr. Moisture, pH and color values of lightness, redness and yellowness in the Hunter color system of Jungkwa decreased as the number of boiling-cooling cycles increased, whereas acidity, $^{\circ}Brix$ and reducing sugar contents of syrup increased. Total phenol content increased in by the 6th boiling-cooling cycle. Antioxidant activities, including DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, increased in RJ by the 6th boiling-cooling cycle. Based on these results, the antioxidant activities of Rehmannia radix Jungkwa was improved according to an increasing number of boiling-cooling cycles due to increased total phenol contents.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1303-1305
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• 2005

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.505-509
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• 1998

Chitinase, which is one of the pathogenesis-related proteins, was examined from Rehmannia glutinosa. Rehmannia chitinases were classified into basic and acidic groups by chitin affinity column chromatography. According to the chitinase pattern by native PAGE, basic chitinases of low Rf values were extracted more under an acidic condition (pH 2.9) than a basic condition (pH 8.8), while acidic chitinases having high Rf values were mainly detected in basic extracts. There were in total seven chitinase isoforms of three basic and four acidic isoforms in Rehmannia. The range of molecular weight of Rehmannia chitinase was from 28 to 32 kD. It showed the possibility of tissue specific expression of acidic chitinases and basic chitinases were mainly detected in root.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.136-138
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• 2008

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.11
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• pp.19-23
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate contents of inorganic constituents, free sugars and catalpol in the Rhizoma of Rehmannia glutinosa as different growth stages. With the approach of harvesting season, the variations of their contents were as follow. The contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and ash in the Rhizoma decreased, whereas the contents of Fe, water and ethanol extract increased. The contents of total sugar, sucrose and galactose in the Rhizoma decreased, but the fructose and catalpol contents in the Rhizoma were increased.