• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.847-854
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• 2004

Allergy is a multi-factorial disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. As the number of allergy-affected people is increasing in developed countries, there is an increasing interest in genetic predisposition to the allergy. A number of genes and chromosomal region have been identified to be linked to allergy including rhinitis, asthma and atopy. In order to understand the genetic background for the allergy-affected people, we investigated genetic predisposition among students enrolled in Busan Science Academy. Among 138 students, about 30% students had some allergy-related disorder including rhinitis, asthma and atopy. We analyzed several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within two genes, Inter-leukin-4(IL-4) and Interleukin-4 receptor(IL-4R), which are involved in the induction of allergy reaction with the Th2 immunity. For 96 samples obtained from students, we analyzed 9 SNPs including -590 C/T and -34 C/T in IL-4, and I75V, Q576R, E375A, e406R, 5411L, S761P and S727A in IL-4R. From the analysis, these SNPs showed slight differences among normal and allergy-affected students, but these differences was not enough to predict the predisposition to the allergy. In contrast to previous reports, we could not find SNP(s) related with allergy. These results suggest that genetic tests recently performed in Korea widely have to be reassessed for its validity of genetic predisposition. [Supported by grants from MOST]

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.4 s.66
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• pp.111-120
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• 2006

These days, contemporary people's interest in culture is higher than ever, and in response to such a current trend, each country is making efforts to search for its identity in various areas, and conducting research to compare its culture with that of other countries. The culture of a region does not develop independently or spontaneously, but it changes and evolves in connection with neighboring countries or cultures. Thus, in order to understand our own cultural characteristics properly, we need not only to make an in-depth study in our own culture but also to compare it with other cultures and understand their similarities and differences dearly. From old times, Korea, China and Japan have had great influences on one another through active socio cultural exchange and at the same time they have their own unique cultural characteristics. Unfortunately, however, the distinguished identity of Korean culture has not been recognized properly. The present study purposed to classify Korean, Chinese and Japanese traditional furniture from the $14th{\sim}19th$ century by type, and compare their characteristics by type as well as their general formative characteristics. This research is expected to improve our objective understanding of our own culture. Furthermore, it will provide a ground for reinterpreting our culture to distinguish Korean culture from Oriental culture.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 2013

This paper proposes an intermediate image generation method for the viewer's view point by tracking the viewer's face, which is converted to a digital hologram. Its purpose is to increase the viewing angle of a digital hologram, which is gathering higher and higher interest these days. The method assumes that the image information for the leftmost and the rightmost view points within the viewing angle to be controlled are given. It uses a stereo-matching method between the leftmost and the rightmost depth images to obtain the pseudo-disparity increment per depth value. With this increment, the positional informations from both the leftmost view point and the rightmost view point are generated, which are blended to get the information at the wanted intermediate viewpoint. The occurrable dis-occlusion region in this case is defined and a inpainting method is proposed. The results from implementing and experimenting this method showed that the average image qualities of the generated depth and RGB image were 33.83[dB] and 29.5[dB], respectively, and the average execution time was 250[ms] per frame. Also, we propose a prototype system to service digital hologram interactively to the viewer by using the proposed intermediate view generation method. It includes the operations of data acquisition for the leftmost and the rightmost viewpoints, camera calibration and image rectification, intermediate view image generation, computer-generated hologram (CGH) generation, and reconstruction of the hologram image. This system is implemented in the LabView(R) environments, in which CGH generation and hologram image reconstruction are implemented with GPGPUs, while others are implemented in software. The implemented system showed the execution speed to process about 5 frames per second.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-161
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• 2008

It is nearly impossible to estimate the exact state of the current rock stress of interest site by the theoretical and physical approaches except some specific geological situations. This means that in-situ stress measurement is a unique way to obtain reliable information on rock stress especially for civil and mining engineering related problems. Since late in the 90's, in-situ rock stress tests have been widely conducted to provide the quantitative information on the stress state of engineering site at the design stage of an underground rock structure in the Kyungsang Basin, Korea. The study area is the near surface regions at the depth less than 300 m in the Kyungsang Basin. It includes Yeosoo to the west and Busan to the east. Totally, 270 in-situ stress measurements were conducted in the surface test boreholes at the depth from 14 m to 300 m by hydraulic fracturing method. In this paper, based on the measurement data set, the overall characteristics of the current in-situ rock stress fields in the study area are briefly described. And also the investigation results on the difference between the stress distributions for the granitoid and the andesitic rock region are also introduced. Finally, the distributions of the regional horizontal stress directions in Busan and the Yangsan faults area are shown.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.113-128
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• 1990

In recent years, various types of coastal protection scheme have been studied around the coastal region. Among them, so-called zonal protection systems are being watched with interest from various points of view. In this paper, wave overtopping rate from overflowing the vertical seawall is investigated by conducting two dimensional model on the horizontal bed experiment. Hereafter this system is referred to as a artificial reef system. One is the foundation to control wave height near the surfzone and the other is function to prevent coastal disaster by suppressing net overtopping rate. The main results obtained in this study are summarized as follows. 1) Wave attenuation taken place on the artificial reef can be predicted numerically by using energy dispersion model due to wave breaking proposed by Battjes. 2) To evaluate the wave overtopping rate from a vertical seadike on various coastal constructions by weir model, a numerical procedure for prediction of overtopping is confirmed.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.19B no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the evaluation parameters' osteoporosis predictability in accordance with measuring regions by analyzing the correlations between bone mineral density and trabecular patterns derived from different measuring regions. Experimental subjects were a total of 40 female patients after menopause aged over 40 years, and were classified into 20 control and 20 osteoporotic groups according to the T-score. Bone mineral density was measured on femoral neck, trochanter and ward's triangle by DEXA(Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry). We designated ROI(Region of Interest) with $50{\times}50$ pixel size on each measuring regions, and extracted trabecular patterns by using existing image processing method. We also selected a total of eight evaluation parameters that are categorized into structural(mean gray level, area, perimeter, thickness and terminal distance), skeletonized parameters(number, length) and fractal dimension. As a result, it was observed that area, perimeter, thickness, terminal distance, number, length and fractal dimension reflected the bone mineral density with high statistical validity(p<0.003). We also confirmed that the evaluation parameters could predict the osteoporosis more efficiently.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.945-953
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• 2018

In this paper, we use 3-D LIDAR for obstacle detection and avoidance maneuver for autonomous unmanned operation. It is aimed to avoid obstacle avoidance in unmanned water under marine condition using only single sensor. 3D lidar uses Quanergy's M8 sensor to collect surrounding obstacle data and includes layer information and intensity information in obstacle information. The collected data is converted into a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, which is then mapped to a two-dimensional coordinate system. The data including the obstacle information converted into the two-dimensional coordinate system includes noise data on the water surface. So, basically, the noise data generated regularly is defined by defining a hypothetical region of interest based on the assumption of unmanned water. The noise data generated thereafter are set to a threshold value in the histogram data calculated by the Vector Field Histogram, And the noise data is removed in proportion to the amount of noise. Using the removed data, the relative object was searched according to the unmanned averaging motion, and the density map of the data was made while keeping one cell on the virtual grid map. A polar histogram was generated for the generated obstacle map, and the avoidance direction was selected using the boundary value.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.17
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• pp.361-381
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• 2008

Quality rating of machine security systems is difficult because both tangible and intangible services are included. However, still, the research template applied the SERVQUAL model with the intention of confirming machine security systems' service quality formation and experimentally inspecting the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. Therefore, the following highlights the experimental research outcomes and their implications for small-scale businesses utilizing machine security systems in the Daegu region. First, after observing whether the determining factors constitute service quality, four components were found to have significant influence on customer satisfaction. Additionally, in observing any differences in their influences, the following in order were observed as having influence on customer satisfaction: empathy, assurance reliability, responsiveness, and tangibility. Moreover, though companies‘ newest facilities and equipment are important, it can be concluded that a company employees’ prudent consideration, individual interest, reliability, and assurance for the customer carry greater importance. Secondly, though we intended to survey machine security systems by employing the SERVQUAL model, determinant factor analysis results found applying SERVQUAL model in its original state a challenge. According to results from determinant factor analysis, the basis for forming service quality is determined by assurance reliability, empathy, tangibility, and responsiveness. Furthermore, in future research, while more accurately distinguishing between assurance and reliability, a more appropriate model must also be considered for modification in domestic machine security system industry‘s service quality evaluation.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12spc
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• pp.664-674
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• 2021

The relevance of this scientific research is determined by the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current trends and dynamics of world tourism development. This article aims to identify patterns of development of the modern tourist market, analysis of problems and prospects of development in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. General scientific methods and methods of research are used in the work: analysis, synthesis, comparison, analysis of statistical data. The analysis of the viewpoints of foreign and domestic authors on the research of the international tourist market allowed us to substantiate the actual directions of tourism development due to the influence of negative factors connected with the spread of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Economic-statistical, abstract-logical, and economic-mathematical methods of research were used during the process of study and data processing. Results. The analysis of the current state of the tourist market by world regions was carried out. It was found that tourism is one of the most affected sectors from COVID-19, as, by the end of 2020, the total number of tourist arrivals in the world decreased by 74% compared to the same period in 2019. The consequence of this decline was a loss of total global tourism revenues by the end of 2020, which equaled $1.3 trillion. 27% of all destinations are completely closed to international tourism. At the end of 2020, the economy of international tourism has shrunk by about 80%. In 2020 the world traveled 98 million fewer people (-83%) relative to the same period last year. Tourism was hit hardest by the pandemic in the Asia-Pacific region, where travel restrictions are as strict as possible. International arrivals in this region fell by 84% (300 million). The Middle East and Africa recorded declines of 75 and 70 percent. Despite a small and short-lived recovery in the summer of 2020, Europe lost 71% of the tourist flow, with the European continent recording the largest drop in absolute terms compared with 2019, 500 million. In North and South America, foreign arrivals declined. It is revealed that a significant decrease in tourist flows leads to a massive loss of jobs, a sharp decline in foreign exchange earnings and taxes, which limits the ability of states to support the tourism industry. Three possible scenarios of exit of the tourist industry from the crisis, reflecting the most probable changes of monthly tourist flows, are considered. The characteristics of respondents from Ukraine, Germany, and the USA and their attitude to travel depending on gender, age, education level, professional status, and monthly income are presented. About 57% of respondents from Ukraine, Poland, and the United States were planning a tourist trip in 2021. Note that people with higher or secondary education were more willing to plan such a trip. The results of the empirical study confirm that interest in domestic tourism has increased significantly in 2021. The regression model of dependence of the number of domestic tourist trips on the example of Ukraine with time tendency (t) and seasonal variations (Turˆt = 7288,498 - 20,58t - 410,88∑5) it forecast for 2020, which allows stabilizing the process of tourist trips after the pandemic to use this model to forecast for any country. Discussion. We should emphasize the seriousness of the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many experts and scientists believe in the long-term recovery of the tourism industry. In our opinion, the governments of the countries need to refocus on domestic tourism and deal with infrastructure development, search for new niches, formats, formation of new package deals in new - domestic - segment (new products' development (tourist routes, exhibitions, sightseeing programs, special rehabilitation programs after COVID) -19 in sanatoriums, etc.); creation of individual offers for different target audiences). Conclusions. Thus, the identified trends are associated with a decrease in the number of tourist flows, the negative impact of the pandemic on employment and income from tourism activities. International tourism needs two to four years before it returns to the level of 2019.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.84-97
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• 2016

One of the assimilation policies of Japanese imperialism for the permanent domination in the colonial Joseon is the theory of integration of Japan and Joseon. The theory of integration of Japan and Joseon is a logic that Joseon (Korea) and Japan (Wae) were connected to the same ancestor on the basis of ancient myths. Also it is the assimilation ideology to justify the Colonial rule of those days through the objectification of historical identity or affinity of political and cultural relations of ancient Korean peninsula and Japan (Wae). Japan reorganized our history to meet the colonial point of view, as part of the assimilation policies based on the theory of integration of Japan and Joseon. On the other hand Japan attempted to objectify them through archaeological research and the reinterpretation of the historical remains. The survey, reinterpretation and tourist of the historic sites in historic cities such as Gyeongju and Buyeo were promoted in this context. In particular, the Buyeo, a capital of Baekje, was emphasized upon the close relevance and affinity between Sabi, Baekje and ancient Asuka (飛鳥) in Japan through research and reinterpretation on the Historic Sites. Based on them, Historic Sites Tourism was conducted by reconstructed historic sites toward the colonial Korean. In addition, after the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, Japan tried to realize the politics of space by upgrading and idealizing Buyeo as homeland or Shinto (神都) related to Japanese ancient mythology of the Asuka culture. This paper investigated in what context research, reinterpret and tourist of the historic sites progressed on Buyeo area and how it had soaked through the general public in the Japanese colonial era. First, it is on historic sites. Historic sites research on Buyeo area made an attempt by Sekino Tadashi in 1909 for the first time and the re-excavation of the old burial mounds and temple sites during the Japanese colonial period. Sekino set up a cultural relationship and influences between the ancient China (梁), Korea (百濟) and Japan (倭). Also, he emphasized that Sabi, Baekje largely received influence of Chinese culture and Baekje and Japan Asuka culture had closely relations and affinity. These views had been consistent during the Japanese colonial period. Second, it is the reinterpretation on Historic sites. Buyeo Historic Sites Preservation Society (Buyeo Gojeok Bojonhoe) was established in 1915 and Osaka Kintaro, curator of Baekje exhibition hall redefined the relationship between ancient Japan and Baekje as perspective of the assimilation ideology through the post contextual interpretation. In particular, they emphasized on the close relevance between Baekje's Historic sites and Japan, through the reinterpretation of Nakhwaam, Goransa and Cheongmasanseong. Third, it is the tourist on Historic sites. Buyeo Historic Sites Preservation Society played a leading role in Tourist on Historic sites at the Buyeo region. The main tourist destinations and course were restructured through a reinterpretation on the historic sites. Japan would like to show Buyeo as ideology area, homeland of ancient Japanese culture, toward the Koreans under Japanese colonial era. Thus, research, reinterpretation, and tourism on Historic sites were promoted while they were closely related to each other. The promoting body was Joseon Chongdokbu and pro-Japanese interest group. It's point was 'made' and 'shown' by the eyes of others and a rediscovery of Buyeo as representational space of colony.