• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effects of aromatherapy and foot reflex massage on emotion, sleep disturbance and wandering behavior in older adults with dementia. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group. A total of 39 participants were divided into two groups. Aromatherapy and foot reflex massage was administrated to experimental group (N=19). There was no treatment for the control group (N=20). Data were analyzed using the SPSS/Win 18.0 program. Results: Experimental group showed significant differences in emotion, sleep disturbance and wandering behavior in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that aromatherapy and foot reflex massage program was effective on emotion, sleep and decreasing a wandering behavior in older adults with dementia. This research suggests that aromatherapy and foot reflex massage could be recommended as a nursing intervention for enhancing quality of life in older adults with dementia.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2006

Objectives: To review recent findings from physiologic research about the nature of proprioceptive spinal reflex, proposed explanation for mechanisms of musculoskeletal problems associated with propriceptive dysfunction and techniques controlling this problem. Methods: MEDLINE databases were searched using various combinatins of the keywords proprioception, spinal reflex, somata-somatic reflex, spinal manipulation, muscle spindle, Golgi-tendon organ, along with searching the related articles and textbooks. Results and Conclusion: Proprioceptors(muscle spindle, Golgi-tendon organs) monitor the position of joints, tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction. Disturbed activity of proprioceptive spinal reflex can cause chronic state of increased muscle stiffness, pain, deficiencies both in muscle coordination and propioception, and so on. All kinds of techniques that control proprioceptive primary afferent neurons can affect the motor control system and evoke changes in the neuromuscular system.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.81-89
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• 2001

There are two independent mechanisms to control the segmental reflex gain in humans during gait. They are presynaptic inhibition and homosynaptic depression. Through the mechanism of the presynaptic inhibition, the muscle spindle afferent feedback can be properly gated during eccentric phase of gait. The modulation of the presynaptic inhibition is reflected in the level of H-reflex at a constant EMG level. During the eccentric muscle activation presynaptic inhibition should increase to account for the lower amplitude level of H-reflex at a constant level of EMG. Homosynaptic depression is another mechanism responsible for regulating the effectiveness of the muscle spindle afferent feedback. Both the presynaptic inhibition and the monosynaptic depression are responsible for modulating reflex gain during gait initiation. Reflex modulation is influenced not only as a passive consequence of the alpha motor neuron excitation level, but also through supraspinal mechanisms. Spastic paretic patients show the impaired soleus H-reflex modulation either during the initial stance phase, or during the swing phase. This abnormal modulatory mechanism can partially and artificially be restored by the application of peripheral stimulus to the sole of the foot, provided that the segmental circuitry remains functional.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2010

The gag reflex is a physiologic reaction which safeguards the airway from foreign bodies. But, an exaggerated gag reflex can be a severe limitation to a patient's ability to accept dental care and for a clinician's ability to provide it. The overactive gag reflex can be due to psychological factors or physiological factors, or both. Psychological factors can include fear of loss of control and past traumatic experiences. A 58-year-old man, scheduled for extraction of left upper second molar, left lower second and third molar and implantation of left upper second molar, and left lower second molar had no specific underlying medical problems. He had exaggerated gag reflex. Dental treatment was successfully performed using intravenous sedation. Intravenous sedation with midazolam and propofol was a useful management technique for reflex control during dental treatment extended to the posterior regions in the oral cavity.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.393-402
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• 2001

A computational model representative of cardiovascular circulation was built using 12 standard lumped compartments. Especially, both the baroreceptor reflex and the cardiopulmonary reflex control model were implemented to explain the auto-regulation of cardiovascular system. Another important aspect of this model is to utilize the impulse-response curve of the nerve system in transferring the impulse error signals to autonomous nerve system. For the verification of this model, we have computed the normal hemodynamic conditions and compared those with the clinical data. Then. hemodynamic shock of 20% hemorrhage to cardiovascular system was simulated to test the effects of the control system model. The results of these two simulations were well matched with the experimental ones. The steady state LBNP simulation was also performed. The transient changes of hemodynamic variables due to ramp increase of bias pressure of LBNP showed good agreement with the physiological experiments. Numerical solution using only the baroreflex model showed relatively a larger deviation from the experimental data. compared with the one using the control model haying both the baroreflex and the cardiopulmonary reflex systems, which shows an important role of the cardiopulmonary reflex system for the simulation of the hemodynamic behavior of the cardiovascular system .

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.101-118
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• 2000

Introduction : In spite of the use of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture in the clinics, the scientific evaluation on effects is not enough. Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture is used according to the stimulation of acupuncture point and the chemical effects of Bee Venom. The aims of this study is to investigate the analgegic effects of the Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture, through the change of writhing reflex Materials and Methods : Pain animal model was used acetic acid method. The changes of writhing reflex of the mice which were derived pain by injecting acetic acid into the abdomen, after stimulating Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture on Chungwan($CV_{12}$) and non acupuncture point on the backside were measured. Results : 1. It showed that the writhing reflex were appeared on the groups which injected aceticacid only, and saline-acetic acid group(sample I), but not on the group bee venom-saline group(sample II). 2. The change of writhing reflex by Chungwan($CV_{12}$) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture showed significant decrease in the order of Chungwan($CV_{12}$) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture group III($2.5{\times}10^{-3}$g/kg), II($2.5{\times}10^{-4}$g/kg), and I($2.5{\times}10^{-5}$g/kg), compared with control group. There were significant decrease of number of writhing reflex in $5{\sim}10,\;10{\sim}15\;and\;15{\sim}20$ minutes intervals of Chung wan($CV_{12}$) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture group I, and in $0{\sim}5,\;5{\sim}10,\;10{\sim}15\;and\;15{\sim}20$ minutes intervals of II and III, compared with control group. 3. The change of writhing reflex by non acupuncture point Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture showed significant decrease in the $0{\sim}5\;and\;5{\sim}10$ minutes intervals and the total number of writhing reflex in $2.5{\times}10^{-4}$g/kg group, compared with control group 4. The effects of writhing reflex of Chungwan($CV_{12}$) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture group showed significant decrease, compared with non acupuncture point Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture group. Conclusion : This study shows that the Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture on Chungwan($CV_{12}$) decreases the numbers of writhing reflex. As the analgegic effects of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture is recognized. Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture treatment is expected for pain modulation. In order to use it in many ways, more researches are needed for the dose and stability of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.363-368
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• 2018

Hypotension is one of the potential causes of dizziness. In this review, we summarize the studies published in recent years about the electrophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms of hypotension-induced dizziness and the role of the vestibular system in the control of blood pressure in response to hypotension. It is postulated that ischemic excitation of the peripheral vestibular hair cells as a result of a reduction in blood flow to the inner ear following hypotension leads to excitation of the central vestibular nuclei, which in turn may produce dizziness after hypotension. In addition, excitation of the vestibular nuclei following hypotension elicits the vestibulosympathetic reflex, and the reflex then regulates blood pressure by a dualcontrol (neurogenic and humoral control) mechanism. In fact, recent studies have shown that peripheral vestibular receptors play a role in the control of blood pressure through neural reflex pathways. This review illustrates the dual-control mechanism of peripheral vestibular receptors in the regulation of blood pressure following hypotension.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : Sphincteric function of the larynx, essential to lower airway protection, is most efficiently achieved through strong reflex adduction by both vocal cords. We hypothesize that central facilitation is an essential component of a bilateral adductor reflex and that its disturbance could result in weakened sphincteric closure. Materials and Method : Seven adult 20kg dogs underwent evoked response laryngeal electromyoraphy under 0.5 to 1.0 MAC isoflurane anesthesia. The internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve was stimulated through bipolar platinum-iridium electrodes and recording electrodes were positioned in the ipsilateral and contralateral thyroaryteonoid muscles. Results : Consistent threshold responses were obtained ipsilaterally under all anesthetic levels. However, contralateral reflex responses disappeared as anesthetic levels approached 1.0 MAC. Additionally, at 0.5 MAC, late responses (R2) were detected in one animal. Conclusion : Alteration of central facilitation by deepening anesthesia abolishes the crossed adductor reflex, predisposing to a weakened glottic closure response. Precise understanding of this effect may improve the prevention of aspiration in patients emerging from prolonged sedation or under heavy psychotropic control.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2006

This study, a quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. conducted a survey on 30 patients test group and control group of IS patients sampling an adjacent population at random - who are operated on the breast cancer and are in the A University Hospital located in Suwon, to examine into the effects of foot reflex zone massage on their pain and sleep satisfaction through the nursing interventions. It gave them a foot reflex zone massage for the total 30 minutes-basic massage 10 minutes and reflex massage 20 minutes required to alleviate their pain day in day out covering a two-month period from the first of July to the first of September 2004. for the purpose of collecting data. It launched into a two-round foot reflex zone massage at 6 and 24 hours since mastectomy through a direct visit at the hospital room to measure pain intensity, physiological index(pulse and blood pressure) and sleep satisfaction of them. The results are as follows. First, it showed that there is all the difference between pain intensity of test group and that of control group. In result, the first hypothesis, pain of test group. which measure at 6(p=.000) and 24 hours(p=.001) since mastectomies, will be bigger than that of control group, was established. Second, it showed that there is all the difference between physiological index of test group and that of control group. In result. the second hypothesis, pulse(p= .025, p= .002), systolic blood pressure(p= .004, p=.012) and diastolic blood pressure(p=.004. p= .003) of test group, which investigate at 6 and 24 hours since mastectomies, will be bigger than that of control group, was established. Third, it showed that there is a significant difference between sleep satisfaction of test group and that of control group(p=.000). In result, the fourth hypothesis, sleep satisfaction of test group. which examine in the morning after mastectomies, will be bigger than that of control group, was established. In the result. a foot reflex zone massage is seen to be effective in the pain reduction and sleep promotion of patients who are operated on breast cancer, and in providing them with more qualitative care by improving confidence between them and nurses through a physical touch. Also, it can be applied to a clinical examination through an independent nursing intervention.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.17-30
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aroma therapy and foot reflex massage on stress, depression, and sleep pattern of institutionalized elderly. The design of this study was non-equivalent control group pre-posttest design. The data were collected from February 24 to April 9 of 2005. Fifty-one elderly were divided into two groups, 26 institutionalized elderly for the experimental group and 25 institutionalized elderly for the control group. The experimental group underwent aromatherapy and foot reflex massage two days per week(40 minutes per session} over five weeks period. Stress(subjective stress and serum cortisol level), depression, and sleep pattern were assessed in both groups before and after intervention. Five weeks after intervention were spended, the experimental group was again assessed. Five weeks without intervention were spended, the control group was again assessed. The data were analyzed by the statistical program SPSS WIN 12. The results of this study were as follows; $\cdot$ Stress of the experimental group with the intervention was significantly lower than that of the control group. $\cdot$ Depression of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group. $\cdot$ Sleep pattern of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. In conclusion, the aroma therapy and foot reflex massage program had positive effect on Institutionalized elderly's on stress(subjective stress and serum cortisol level), depression, and sleep pattern.