• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.229-240
• /
• 2003

An in vitro test and a broiler feeding trial were conducted to test the effect of hydrothermal treatment of wheat bran on phytate-P degradation and it’s feeding effect on performance of broilers. Hydrothermal treatment of wheat bran was carried out at 55$^{\circ}C$ with pH 5.5 buffer solution. Phytate-P content of wheat bran decreased quadrically as the wheat bran: buffer solution ratio increased from 1:0.5 to 1:5. Phytate-P degradation was not significantly affected by incubation times above 10 min., drying temperature (55$^{\circ}C$, 65$^{\circ}C$ and 75$^{\circ}C$) or pH of the buffer solution (5.5 and 7.0). A feeding trial was conducted with 240 sex separated d-old broiler chickens (Ross$^{\circledR}$). Broilers were randomly housed to 24 cages of 10 birds each. Six cages (3 of each sex) were assigned to 4 treatments: Control-normal level of non-phytate-P (NPP); LP-low NPP treatment which had 0.1% lower NPP than Control; LPWB-LP with wheat bran which provided 475 IU of plant phytase per kg diet; LPHWB-LP with hydrothermally treated wheat bran. Results of the feeding trial showed that broilers in the LP treatment gained significantly less than other treatments in starter period (1-21d) but only male broilers for growing LP gained significantly less than Control in the grower (22-35d) and overall period. There were no significant differences in weight gain among the birds of LPWB, LPHWB and Control. Feed intake during the overall period was not significantly different between LPWB and Control but that of LP was lower than LPHWB and that of LPHWB was lower than Control. Feed/gain ratio was significantly lower in LPHWB and LP than in Control and LPWP. Mortality was highest in LPHWB. Availability of crude fat, crude ash and Ca was significantly lower in LP than other treatments. Availability of P and Zn was higher in LPWB and LPHWB than in Control and LP. Availability of P, Mg and Zn was highest in LPHWP treatment. Excretion of P was significantly lower in low NPP treatments than in Control. Serum Ca level was highest whereas serum P level was lowest in LP. Tibial crude ash content was higher in wheat bran treatments, but lower in LP than Control. However, tibial Ca content was higher in Control and LP than wheat bran treatments. Tibial P content of LP and LPWB was lower than Control. However, tibial content of Fe was highest in LP. It was concluded that wheat bran, a source of plant phytase, could be used in low NPP broiler diets to prevent the depression of performance. Reduction of P excretion can be achieved concomitantly. Hydrothermal treatment of wheat bran was effective in improving utilizability of some minerals but was not effective in improving performance of broilers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.93-106
• /
• 2014

In this study, Analyze environment of location, investigation into vegetation resources, survey management status and establish to classify the management area for Natural monument No.374 Pyengdae-ri Torreya nucifera forest. The results were as follows: First, Torreya nucifera forest is concerned about influence of development caused by utilization of land changes to agricultural region. Thus, establish to preservation management plan for preservation of prototypical and should be excluded development activity to cause the change of terrain that Gotjawal in the Torreya nucifera forest is factor of base for generating species diversity. Secondly, Torreya nucifera forest summarized as 402 taxa composed 91 familly 263 genus, 353 species, 41 varieties and 8 forms. The distribution of plants for the first grade & second grade appear of endangered plant to Ministry of Environment specify. But, critically endangered in forest by changes in habitat, diseases and illegal overcatching. Therefore, when establishing forest management plan should be considered for put priority on protection. Thirdly, Torreya nucifera representing the upper layer of the vegetation structure. But, old tree oriented management and conservation strategy result in poor age structure. Furthermore, desiccation of forest on artificial management and decline in Torreya nucifera habitat on ecological succession can indicate a problem in forest. Therefore, establish plan such as regulation of population density and sapling tree proliferation for sustainable characteristics of the Torreya nucifera forest. Fourth, Appear to damaged of trails caused by use. Especially, Scoria way occurs a lot of damaged and higher than the share ratio of each section. Therefore, share ratio reduction Plan should be considered through the additional development of tourism routes rather than the replacement of Scoria. Fifth, Representing high preference of the Torreya nucifera forest tourist factor confirmed the plant elements. It is sensitive to usage pressure. And requires continuous monitoring by characteristic of Non-permanent. In addition, need an additional plan such as additional development of tourism elements and active utilizing an element of high preference. Sixth, Strength of protected should be differently accordance with importance. First grade area have to maintenance of plant population and natural habitats. Set the direction of the management. Second grade areas focus on annual regeneration of the forest. Third grade area should be utilized demonstration forest or set to the area for proliferate sapling. Fourth grade areas require the introduced of partial rest system that disturbance are often found in proper vegetation. Fifth grade area appropriate to the service area for promoting tourism by utilizing natural resources in Torreya nucifera forest. Furthermore, installation of a buffer zone in relatively low ratings area and periodic monitoring to the improvement of edge effect that adjacent areas of different class.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.140-152
• /
• 1998

Background: Prone position improves oxygenation in patients with ARDS probably by reducing shunt Reduction of shunt in prone position is thought to be effected by lowering of the critical opening pressure (COP) of the dorsal lung because the pleural pressure becomes less positive in prone position compared to supine position. It can then be assumed that prone position would bring about greater improvement in oxygenation when PEEP applied in supine position is just beneath COP than when PEEP is above COP. Hemodynamically, prone position is expected to attenuate the lifting of cardiac fossa induced by PEEP. Based on these backgrounds, we investigated whether the effect of prone position on oxygenation differs in magnitude according to the level of PEEP applied in supine position, and whether impaired cardiac output in supine position by PEEP can be restored in prone position. Methods: In seven mongrel dogs, $PaO_2/F_1O_2$(P/F) was measured in supine position and at prone position 30 min. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), pulse rate (PR), and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) were measured in supine position, at prone position 5 min, and at prone position 30 min. After ARDS was established with warmed saline lavage(P/F ratio $134{\pm}72$ mm Hg), inflection point was measured by constant flow method($6.6{\pm}1.4cm$ $H_2O$), and the above variables were measured in supine and prone positions under the application of Low PEEP($5.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$), and Optimal PEEP($9.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$)(2 cm $H_2O$ below and above the inflection point, respectively) consecutively. Results : P/F ratio in supine position was $195{\pm}112$ mm Hg at Low PEEP and $466{\pm}63$ mm Hg at Optimal PEEP(p=0.003). Net increase of P/F ratio at prone position 30 min, however, was far greater at Low PEEP($205{\pm}90$ mm Hg) than at Optimal PEEP($33{\pm}33$ mm Hg)(p=0.009). Compared to CO in supine position at Optimal PEEP($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min), CO in prone improved to $3.4{\pm}0.6$ L/min at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180) and $3.6{\pm}0.7$ L/min at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180). Improvement in CO was attributable to the increase in SV: $14{\pm}2$ ml in supine position, $20{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180), and $21{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180), but not to change in PR or PAOP. When the dogs were turned to supine position again, MAP ($92{\pm}23$ mm Hg, p=0.009), CO ($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min, p=0.0277) and SV ($14{\pm}1$ ml, p=0.0277) were all decreased compared to prone position 30 min. Conclusion: Prone position in a dog with saline-lavaged acute lung injury appeared to augment the effect of relatively low PEEP on oxygenation, and also attenuate the adverse hemodynamic effect of relatively high PEEP. These findings suggest that a PEEP lower than Optimal PEEP can be adopted in prone position to achieve the goal of alveolar recruitment in ARDS avoiding the hemodynamic complications of a higher PEEP at the same time.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 1986

This experiment was conducted to find out the some physiological characteristics and nitrogen fixation activities under free-living conditions of indigenous rhizobia isolated from soybean-cultivated (30 fields) and un-cultivated (30 fields) soil. The results were summerized as follows: 1. In free-living condition, only 12.8% and 6.4% of the indigenous rhizobia isolated from soybean cultivated (133 strains) and un-cultivated (125 strains) soils were nitrogenase positive as more than 4 n mole $C_2H_4$ per tube per hour by acetylene reduction assay. 2. The acid-producing rhizobia on litmus milk test was observed to be 20% of the total 160 strains isolated from soybean cultivated soil but about 34% of 166 strains isolated from un-cultivated soil. And the serum zone positive strains were higher in the soybean un-cultivated soil than cultivated soil. 3. The population ratio of fast-to slow-growing indigenous rhizobia based on growth pattern of AMA medium was 35.6% to 64.4% of the total 346 strains. 4. The population of indigenous Rhizobium japonicum counted by MPN method was ranged from $9.2{\times}10^2$ cells per gram of soil in soybean un-cultivated soil to $2.3{\times}10^4$ cells per gram of soil soybean cultivated soil. The number of indigenous R. japonicum in 0-10cm depth of surface layer was higher than low layer.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.30 no.5 s.82
• /
• pp.553-563
• /
• 2000

Horseshoe Expander is one of Slow Maxillary Expansion(SME) which aims to accommodate the contra- lateral expansion and midpalatal suture expansion or the palate. The appliance consists of skeleton type strew embedded in split Horseshoe appliance. It is the objectives of the presentation to manifest the changes in dental & craniofacial components subsequent to the application of Horseshoe Expander. The subjects for this study consisted of 32 patients (mean age : 12.7). frontal, lateral cephalometric headfilm were taken and study casts were fabricated before and after expansion. 24 items were measured, compared preexpansion with postexpansion. Especially, palatal volume was measured by means of 'Hydro-measurement method'. Tooth axis measurement on the dental casts were made with Universal bevel protractor, and Horseshoe Expander group were compared with RME group. This study of changes to maxillary expansion with Horseshoe Expander revealed the following significant results. 1. Triangular-shaped expansion pattern appeared in frontal cephalometric headfilm. 2. Palatal plane, occlusal plane, mandibular plane and upper incisor to FH increased in lateral cephalometrir headfilm. 3. Palatal volume increased significantly. A slight bite opening, reduction of occlusal contact points showed in dental casts. 4. A 2.2:1 ratio of the amount of intermolar width in maxilla(orthodontic movement) to maxillary width (orthopedic movement) was determined. 5. Horseshoe Expander group has less buccal tipping tendency than RME group, by taking high correlation coefficients in the upper second premolar and first molar. It was suggested that Horseshoe Expander showed less orthodontic changes, less buccal tipping tendency. In addition, it was effective in maxillary expansion.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.110-117
• /
• 2016

Litter fall is a source of nutrients and carbon transfer in terrestrial ecosystems. Litter decomposition provides nutrients needed for plant growth, sustains soil fertility, and supplies $CO_2$ to the atmosphere. We collected the leaf litter of evergreen broadleaf tree, Camellia japonica L., and carried out a decomposition experiment using the litterbag method in Ju-do, Wando-gun, Korea for 731 days from Dec 25, 2011 to Dec 25, 2013. The leaf litter of C. japonica remained 42.6% of the initial litter mass after experiment. The decay constant (k) of C. japonica leaf litter was $0.427yr^{-1}$. The carbon content of C. japonica leaf litter was 44.6%, and the remaining carbon content during the decomposition tended to coincide with the changes in litter mass. The initial nitrogen and phosphorus content was 0.47% and 324.7 mg/g, respectively. The remaining N in decaying litter increased 1.66-fold in the early decomposition stage, then gradually decreased to 1.18-fold after 731 days. The content of P showed the highest value (1.64-fold of initial content) after 456 days, which then fell to a 1.15-fold after 731 days. The remaining Ca, K, Mg and Na content in C. japonica leaf litter tended to decrease during decomposition. The remaining K showed a remaining mass of 8.9% as a result of rapid reduction. The initial C/N and C/P ratio of C. japonica leaf litter was 94.87 and 1368.5, respectively. However, it tended to decrease as decomposition progressed because of the immobilization of N and P (2.78 and 2.68-fold of initial content, respectively) during the leaf litter decaying. The study results showed that N and P was immobilized and other nutrients was mineralized in C. japonica leaf litter during experimental period.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.500-509
• /
• 2014

To prevent freezing of the road by fallen snow, Calcium chloride($CaCl_2$) as a deicer is used to very often and it can be harmful to roadside trees. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Calcium chloride($CaCl_2$) as a deicer on growth and physiological traits of Acer triflorum according to different concentration of $CaCl_2$. We measured growth, chlorophyll contents, gas exchangement characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence and mineral nutrition concentration in plant and soil. The experimental group was composed of four treatments including 0mM(control), 9mM(0.5 %), 18mM(1.0 %), 54mM(3.0 %). Before germinating new shoot, the dissolution of $CaCl_2$ was irrigated twice interval of a week. At 30 days after treatment, all treatments decreased total cholorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photochemical efficiency($F_v/F_m$) with increasing concentration of $CaCl_2$ and especially, they significantly reduced in 3.0 % treatment. In contrast, chlorophyll a/b ratio increased with an increase of $CaCl_2$ concentration and water use efficiency increased in 1.0 % and 3.0 % treatments. At 50 days after treatment, all treatments were decreased in chl a, chl b, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, photosynthetic capacity, photochemical efficiency($F_v/F_m$) and quantum yield of photosystem II(${\Phi}_{PSII}$) compared with control and 3.0 % treatments were withered. $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ were accumulated in leaves and soil, which inhibited water absorption and electron transport and it caused the reduction of height growth rate more than 50 %. Although there was a little difference according to time and $CaCl_2$ concentration, all treatments decreased in growth rate and physiological activity slowed down. As time passed, these results got worse. Therefore we need to take a measure earlier in order to minimize damage of trees.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.170-176
• /
• 1998

Nitrogen and phosphorus loads from an agricultural watershed of the Yulmun-chon tributary in the Buk-Han River Basin were quantified based on total amounts of water stream flow. The water quality and soil loss were estimated. Levels of the stream were recorded automatically using the water level meter. The flow velocities, along with the cross-sectional areas of the riverbed, were measured to estimate total amounts of water flow at three monitoring sites in this tributary. Water samples were collected at nine sites with two weeks interval from May to August and analyzed for the water quality parameters. Amounts of soil loss were estimated by the USLE. The size of the Yulmunchon watershed was 3,210 ha, of which paddy and upland soil areas were composed about 41%. The total amounts of soil loss from the watershed areas were estimated to be $13,273Mg\;year^{-1}$, showing 53%, 46% and 0.7% of the soil loss ratio from upland, forest, and paddy areas, respectively. Electrical conductivities and Nitrogen concentrations of the stream water were higher in the lower watershed area than in the upper area. Increments of N were higher for $NO_3-N$ than $NH_4-N$. Nitrate nitrogen was the major N form to pollute the water due to the agricultural activity. Total runoff was about 72% of the total precipitation in the watershed. The maximum loads of T-N and T-P due to the runoff were estimated to be 1,500 and $5kg\;day^{-1}$, respectively. Concentrations of $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$ in the runoff were 13.5 and 1.8 times higher than those in precipitation. The N loads were mainly from soil loss, application of fertilizer, and livestock wastes, which were 52% of total N load. Results demonstrated that reduction of fertilizer use and the soil loss would be essential for water quality protection of the agricultural watershed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.52 no.6
• /
• pp.509-517
• /
• 2019

The birnessite (7Å manganate, δ-MnO₂) which is a manganese oxide and comprises manganese nodules, is a major manganese mineral on the earth surface and a precursor in the synthesis of todorokite. In this study birnessite was synthesized by three different methods: Feng et al. (2004) and Luo et al. (1998) based on redox reaction and Ma et al. (1999) based on reduction reaction. 12 birnessite samples were synthesized by different combinations of Na⁺ and K⁺ cations based on the base (OH^-) and permanganate (MnO₄^-) reagents in the synthesis. The mineral compositions of synthesized birnessite were identified by XRD, and the two cation ratio in the mineral was measured by ICP. The products obtained after hydrothermal treatment of Mg-buserite, by the precursor of birnessite, was examined by XRD, and then phase transition to todorokite and their characteristics were compared. Our results show that the byproducts and the characteristics of phase transition by each synthetic method have different trends. Hausmannite (γ-Mn₃O₄) and feitknechtite (β-MnOOH) were formed by both methods in the redox reaction mechanism. By Feng et al. (2004)'s method, manganite (γ-MnOOH) phase only appeared when cation was predominantly Na⁺. Two birnessite samples synthesized by redox reaction mechanism showed phase transition to todorokite (10Å manganate, OMS-1) when both NaOH and KMnO₄ were used together. However, single-phase birnessite was formed by Ma et al. (1999)'s method, and phase transition was confirmed only for the sample when the cation was only composed of Na⁺.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.684-691
• /
• 2010

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of resistant starch (RS) on the large bowel function and plasma lipids in rats with constipation induced by Loperamide. Animals were divided into six groups: normal control-5% cellulose, constipation-5% cellulose, constipation-5% pectin, constipation-5% RS-type 2 (RS2), constipation-8% RS2 and constipation-5% RS type 3 (RS3) groups, and fed experimental diets for five weeks. The results from RS groups were compared with those from other dietary fiber groups. The groups supplemented with RS3 or high level of RS2 showed significantly increased counts of bifidobacteria in the cecum than the other groups. The production of total short chain fatty acids in the cecal contents was significantly high in pectin, RS3 and high RS2 groups. The pH in the cecal contents of the RS supplemented groups was significantly decreased compared with the cellulose supplemented groups. The production of prostaglandin E2 in the colon mucus of the RS groups was higher than the normal group; however, it was significantly decreased compared to the cellulose or pectin supplemented constipated groups. The thickness of the mucus layer and the production of mucus from epithelial cells were significantly increased in RS3 group compared to the constipated cellulose group. Supplementation of resistant starch significantly elevated the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol and significantly lowered plasma atherogenic index compared with cellulose or pectin supplementation in constipated rats. The results of the present study demonstrated that resistant starch supplementation may help in improving the large bowel environment by stimulation of bifidobacterial proliferation, reduction of pH and inflammation factor and by increased production of mucus. It has also been found that an additional health benefit is improvement in lipid levels of serum.