• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.163-180
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• 1978

Much of a person's energy is spent in the effort of becoming a productive member of to-day's complex society. This activity may cause tension, and chronic unrelieved tension is an influential factor in blood pressure elevation. The problem of this study was to identify manifest needs and self-actualization of patients with essential hypertension, and to analyse and compare their manifest needs and selt-actualization with the selected general characteristics of We, sex, religion, occupation and level of education with a control group of patients with normal blood pressure readings. The purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing interventions toward reducing the impact of complex psycho-somatic factors on the anxiety of patients with essential hypertension. The instruments used included selected items from the Edwards (1959) Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) as adapted by Hwang (1965) and from the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) (Shostrom 1964, 1974) adapted by Kim and Lee (1977) to measure manifest needs and self-actualization. The convenience sample was chosen from 149 persons who presented themselves for general physical examinations at Ewha University Medical Centre and 41 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension at three general hospitals in Seoul during June 1 and August 31, 1977. Forty-nine persons from the Ewha group with blood-pressure readings exceeding 150/90 were added to the experimental group. Data were analysed by the S.P.S.S. computer programme using t-test and tests for statistical significance. Statistically significant findings were as follows: A. Blood Pressure and Manifest Needs. 1. with the exception of Autonomy, patients with hypertension had significantly high scores on all variables Abasement, Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Emotionality, Exhibitionism and Sex. 2. When mean scores of normal persons were compared by age groups, normal persons had higher scores in the following order on Abasement (50's, 40's, 20's, 30's), Achievement (50's, 30's, 40's, 20's), Affiliation (50's, 40's, 30's, 20's), Dominance (50's, 40's, 40's, 20's) and Exhibitionism (30's, 50's, 40's, 20's). In each case, there was a significant difference between the first and last age group scores. 3. When the mean scores of normal persons were compared by sex, normal men had higher scores than women on Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex. Male patients had higher scores than female patients on Achievement, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex, but female patients scored higher in Emotionality. 4. Normal persons had higher scores related to religion in the following order on Achievement (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hyper tensive patients had higher scores on. Exhibitionism (no religion, Christianity, Buddhism). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Achievement and Exhibitionism (unemployed, office workers, teachless, businessmen), Emotionality (office workers, unemployed, businessmen, teacher) and Sex (office workers, unemployed, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Achievement and Aggression (teachers, businessmen, office worker, unemployed), Dominance and Exhibitionism (businessmen, teacher, of ace workers, unemployed) and Sex (teachers, office worker, businessmen, unemployed). 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of edification in the following order on Abasement, Emotionality and Autonomy (secondary school graduation, university). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Abasement (no education, primary, university, secondary), Achievement (no education, secondary, university, primary) , Dominance (university, no education, secondary, primary), Exhibitionism (university, secondary, no education, primary), and Sex (university, secondary, primary, no education). B. Blood Pressure and Self_Actualization 1, Patients with hypertension had significantly lower scores on all variables. 2. Normal persons had higher scores related to age groups in the following order on Existentiality (20's, 30's, 40's, 50's). Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 3. Normal women had higher scores than men on Time Competence. Normal men had higher scores on Feeling Reactivity. Male patients had higher scores than women on Self-Actualizing Value and Self-Regard. 4. Normal persons ha 1 higher scores related to religion on spontaneity (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Time Competence and Nature of Man (Buddhism, Christianity, no religion). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Existentiality (teachers, office workers, businessmen, unemployed) and Self-Regard (unemployed, office workers, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of education in the following order on Existentiality and Self-Acceptance (university, secondary). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on inner-Director (university, secondary, no education, primary) and Existentiality (university, secondary, primary, no education). Recommendations for nursing interventions with hypertensive patients with emotional problems or low self-actualization were made. 1. The nurse should encourage the patient through her interactions with other members of the medical team to accept counselling and health education. 2. Through her therapeutic interpersonal relationships with the patient, the nurse should help him discover the causes of his emotional tension. 3. Through her health teaching with the family, the nurse should encourage them to participate with the medical team in the patient's therapeutic plan and in providing him with the minimum possible emotional support. 4. Through frequent counselling with the obsessive-thinking and inflexible patient, the nurse should reevaluate the patient's behaviour and her interventions. 5. Seriously ill patients should be given needed reeducation by members of the professional medical team.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.33-62
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• 2005

This study aims to explain the current upheaval in marriage that many young Korean men and women postpone or deny their marriage. In order to explain the delayed marriage, we need to understand the taste by which men and women choose their partners, the opportunity by which they find their ideational half in reality, and the context in which these values and opportunities of marriages intersect. This study examines the way in which the value and opportunities of marriage among Korean men and women have intersected differently in the changing economic conditions. Using KLIPS(Korea Labor Income Panel Survey, 1998-2002), differential effects of education and occupational status on marital time according to marriage cohort and gender are analyzed. Results find that the opportunity of marriage among men turns out to have been stratified significantly according to their educational achievement and labor status since the 1990s. For women, education and economic activities are likely to influence marriage decision in a discordant way; during the period of 1990-997, highly educated women are more likely than their counterparts to be married earlier while there is no significant difference according to economic activities. This implies that status homogamy has been intensified since the 1990s and many women with high motivation for social status are able to achieve a vicarious social status through marriage in a prosperous economy. For women married after 1998, however, the educational effect is insignificant but economic activity contributes to delaying marriage. This suggests that under the economic restructuring since the late 1990s, the constraint of opportunities finding decent jobs particularly for men results in the contingent change in women's perception about family roles and economic activities by reducing their expectation to achieve a vicarious status through marriage, but increasing their motive for their own economic activities.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 2003

The six-year old fresh ginseng collected at earlier October was stored for 10 weeks in the condition of 4$^{\circ}C$${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ and RH 87∼92%, and the chemical components were investigated in an interval oi one week by taking sample of it after making it to the freeze-dryed ginseng and the red ginseng. The total sugar content of the red ginseng was a little reduced as the period of storage elapsed, and the reducing sugar content was 1.48eic before it was stored and was increased to 23.33% after 10 weeks of storage. For the free sugar of the red ginseng, the content of the fructose was increased, bit the contents of the glucose and the sucrose were gradually decreased after it was a little increased. The content of the maltese was 6.62% before storage and it was gradually decreased. For the free sugar of the freeze-dryed ginseng, the contents of the fructose, the glucose and the sucrose were increased. Especially the content of the sucrose was 10.96% before it was stored and was a increased to 24.38% after 7 weeks of storage, and the content of maltose was not detected. The yield of water extract was a little high at 7-8 weeks of storage and the pH was a little high at 3-4 weeks of storage. The turbidity was not changed for the freeze-dryed ginseng but was decreased for the red ginseng The water non-soluble protein was not detected in the red ginseng, and for the freeze-dryed ginseng the water non-soluble protein was reduced and the water soluble protein was increased as the period of storage was elapsed. The contents of the phenolic compounds for the red ginseng and the freeze-dryed ginseng and have their peak values after 7 and 9 weeks of storage respectively, and the amount of phenolic compounds was larger for the red ginseng. For the content of the non-volatile organic acids, the content of the citric acid was decreased both for the red ginseng and the freeze-dryed ginseng, and the contents of the glut-matic acid and the pyruvic acid were very small for the freeze-dryed ginseng, but were detected in the red ginseng at a maximum value of 37 ${\mu}$g/g and 592 ${\mu}$g/g respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.995-1003
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• 2016

Ulmus pumila L. bark underwent distilled water extraction under three temperature condition ($4^{\circ}C$, room temperature, or $80^{\circ}C$) and two extraction times (1, or 5 min) in order to develop a functional beverage products. Changes in yield, pH, color, total phenolic (TP) content, tannin content and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts were evaluated for each extraction temperature and duration. Extraction conditions did not affect yield or pH value of the extracts; however CIE $b^*$ values were high in extracts prepared under high extraction temperature ($80^{\circ}C$) and long extraction duration (5 min) conditions. Both extraction temperature and duration affected the TP and tannin contents of the extracts; however, all extraction conditions resulted in ${\geq}450\;mg\;GAE/g$ TP content and ${\geq}80\;mg\;CE/g$ tannin content. All extracts exhibited ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging ability similar to that of vitamin C. Nitric oxide inhibition activity was lower in the 5 min duration sample than in the 1 min sample. The $4^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature produced an extract with the highest reducing power and hydrogen peroxide values. Extraction temperature also affected sensory evaluation results with the $80^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature producing significantly higher flavor, bitterness, and color score, than those obtained under $4^{\circ}C$ and room temperature extraction conditions.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2017

This study evaluated the changes of physiochemical properties, phytochemical contents, and biological activities during the vinegar fermentation of Elaeagnus multiflora fruit. The contents of pH and reducing sugar decreased from 3.55 and 6.88 mg/mL 3.34 and 2.13 mg/mL, respectively. However the acidity increased from 0.48% to 5.48% during the vinegar fermentation. The alcohol contents increased up to a maximum value of 6.6% at 20 days, and it then decreased at the end fermentation days (2.0%). The viable numbers of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts increased from 4.32 log CFU/mL and 3.23 log CFU/mL at 10 days to 5.4 log CFU/mL and 5.5 log CFU/mL during the spontaneous fermentation, respectively. The major organic acids were acetic acid (38.84 mg/mL), lactic acid (4.92 mg/mL), and malic acid (1.51 mg/mL). The soluble phenolic and flavonoid contents increased from 0.79 mg/mL and 0.12 mg/mL of initial fermentation day to 1.22 mg/mL and 0.14 mg/mL during the spontaneous fermentation. Content of epicatechin gallate decreased from $168.1{\mu}g/mL$ at 10 days to $115.97{\mu}g/mL$. However the content of gallic acid increased from $18.52{\mu}g/mL$ to $95.07{\mu}g/mL$ during fermentation. After 60 days of the fermentation, the antioxidant and digestive enzyme inhibitory activities were 71.35% (DPPH), 79.27% (ABTS), 68.72% (${\cdot}OH$), 85.42% (${\alpha}$-glucosidase), 52.12% (${\alpha}$-amylase), and 53.66% (pancreatic lipase), respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the contents of ginsenosides and physiochemical properties of Panax ginseng after 9 times steaming and drying treatment by using the new auto steamer which is more fast and simple than previous report. In the process of steaming and drying, the content of six major ginsenosides such as Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd were gradually decreased. On the other hand, the content of seven minor ginsenosides includes Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were gradually increased. We observed the protopanxadiol ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd were converted into 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5; similarly protopanxatriol ginsenosides of Rg1 and Re were converted into Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2 and 20(R)-Rg2. Based on the result of fresh ginseng, the contents of reducing sugar, acidic polysaccharide and total phenolic compounds were gradually increased and reached to maximum at 7 times repetitive steaming process of the fresh ginseng. Whereas DPPH radical scavenging activities were gradually decreased to 68% at 7 times steaming. New auto 9 repetitive steaming and drying process has similar production with original methods, but content of benzo(a)pyrene were not almost detected comparatively taking less time. The present results suggested that this method is best for the development of value-added ginseng industry related products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.768-775
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• 2005

Lentinus edodes powder was added at 1-3%(w/w) to improve functional properties of jocheong. Content of crude protein, ash, crude lipids, total mineral, free sugar and reducing sugar increased with increasing amount of L. edodes powder, while viscosity and solid and carbohydrate contents decreased. Through amino acid analysis, 17 amino acids were identified and quantified, glutamic acid being the major amino acid. No significant differences were observed in fatty acid composition and pH between control and L. edodes powder-added jocheong. Addition of mushroom powder in jocheong decreased lightness, yellowness and redness in Hunter's color value. Sensor score of jucheong containing 1% of L. edodes powder was similar to that of control. Results showed jocheong containing less than 2% L. edodes powder gave highest scores in quality characteristics and sensory evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1388-1394
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• 2012

The physiological functionalities of 70% ethanol extracts (EE) from Cudrania tricuspidata fruit (ECFD, EE of C. tricuspidata subjected to freeze-drying; ECHD, EE of C. tricuspidata subjected to heat air drying; ECID, EE of C. tricuspidata subjected to infrared drying) were investigated. Yields of freeze-dried powders of ECFD, ECHD, and ECID were 51.50%, 53.91%, and 56.14%, respectively. Color $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, and $H^{\circ}$ values of ECHD and ECID decreased. Dried ECHD and ECID had relatively higher contents of total polyphenolics and flavonoids than ECFD. Electron donating abilities at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (w/v) were in order of ECID (62.37%) >ECHD (80.17%)>ECFD (77.80%). Reducing powers ($OD_{700}$) of ECFD, ECHD, and ECID were 0.75, 1.70, and 1.89, respectively. Additionally, ABTS radical scavenging ability of ECID was the highest with a value of 62.37% at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (w/v). Nitrite scavenging activities of ECFD, ECHD, and ECID at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (w/v) were 28.76%, 30.69%, and 41.64%, respectively. SOD (superoxide dismutase)-like activities at 5 mg/mL (w/v) were in the order ECFD (891.93 mUnits)>ECHD (723.02 mUnits)>EFID (611.97 mUnits). Whereas ferrous ion chelating activity of ECFD (52.36%) and ECID (47.16%) was significantly higher than that of ECHD (30.04%). ACE inhibitory and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities of ECHD and ECID at a concentration of 1 mg/mL (w/v) were higher than those of ECFD. In conclusion, we provided experimental evidence that extracts of pre-dried C. tricuspidata exhibit increased physiological functionalities. Further, infrared drying technique is the best method for enhancement of antioxidant activity of C. tricuspidata fruit.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.61-75
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• 2018

This study aims to verify the effect of green buffers, built as urban planning facilities on the reduction of ultra-fine particulate($PM_{2.5}$) and analyze changes in ultra-fine particles by structure, green volume and planting types of wayside green buffers, thus drawing the factors that can be used when green buffers are built to reduce ultra-fine particulate based on the results. This study selected Songpa-gu, and investigated 16 sites on 5 green buffers adjacent to two of Songpa-gu's main roads, 'Yangjaedaero' and 'Songpadaero'. This study divided all the green spaces into three different types-slope type, plain type and mounding type, and analyzed the mean green volume. As a result of measuring the concentration of $PM_{2.5}$, this study found that it was $55.5{\mu}g/m^3$ on average in winter, which was a harmful level according to the integrated environmental index provided by Seoul City, saying that levels above $50{\mu}g/m^3$ may have a harmful effect on sensitive groups of people. Particularly, the concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $38.6{\mu}g/m^3$ on average in spring, which exceeded the mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ in Seoul City in 2015. The mean concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ in every investigation spot were $46.6{\mu}g/m^3$ for sidewalks, $45.5{\mu}g/m^3$ for green spaces and $42.9{\mu}g/m^3$ for residential areas, all of which were lower than $53.2{\mu}g/m^3$ for roads, regardless of the season. The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ for residential areas was the lowest. In the stage of confirming the effect of green buffers, this study analyzed the correlation between the green volume of vegetation and the fluctuated rate of ultra-fine particles. As a result, it was found that the green coverage rate of trees and shrubs was related to the crown volume in every investigation spot but were mutually and complexly affected by each other. Therefore, this study judged that the greater the number of layers of shrubs that are made, the more effective it is in reducing the concentration of $PM_{2.5}$. As for seasonal characteristics, this study analyzed the correlation between the concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ for residential areas in winter and the green coverage rate of each green space type. As a result, this study found that there was a negative correlation showing that the higher the shrub green coverage rate is, the lower the concentration value becomes in all the slope-type, plain-type and mounding-type green spaces. This study confirmed that the number of tree rows and the number of shrub layers have negative correlations with the fluctuated concentration rate of $PM_{2.5}$. Especially, it was judged that the shrub green volume has greater effect than any other factor, and each green space type shows a negative correlation with the shrub coverage rate in winter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.879-887
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to establish a physiological injection protocol according to body weight, in order to minimize amount of contrast medium and optimize contrast enhancement in pediatric patients performing thoracic CT examinations. The 80 pediatric patients under the age of 10 were studied. Intravenous contrast material containing 300 mgI/ml was used. The group A injected with a capacity of 1.5 times its weight, and groups B, C and D added 5 to 15 ml of normal saline with a 10% decrease in each. The physiologic model which can be calculated by weight about amount of injection of contrast medium and normal saline, flow rate and delay time were applied. To assess image quality, measured average HU value and SNR of superior vena cava, pulmonary artery, ascending and descending aorta, right and left atrium, right and left ventricle. CT numbers of subclavian vein and superior vena cava were compared to identify the effects of reducing artifacts due to normal saline. Comparing SNR according to the contrast medium injection protocol, significant differences were found in superior vena cava and pulmonary artery, descending aorta, right and left ventricle, and CT numbers showed significant differences in all organs. In particular, B group with a 10% decrease in contrast medium and an additional injection of saline showed a low degree of contrast enhancement in groups with a decrease of more than 20%. In addition, the group injected with normal saline greatly reduced contrast enhancement of subclavian vein and superior vena cava, and the beam hardening artifact by contrast medium was significantly attenuated. In conclusion, the application of physiological protocol for injection of contrast medium in pediatric thoracic CT examinations was able to reduce artifacts by contrast medium, prevent unnecessary use of contrast medium and improve the effect of contrast enhancement.