• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.946-950
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• 2014

Bacillus licheniformis was grown in minimal nutrient medium containing 1% (w/v) of distillers dried grain with soluble (DDGS), palm kernel meal (PKM), wheat bran (WB) or copra meal (CM), and the enzyme activity of endoglucanase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, xylanase and reducing sugars was measured to investigate a possibility of using cost-effective agricultural residues in producing cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes. The CM gave the highest endoglucanase activity of 0.68 units/mL among added substrates at 48 h. CM yielded the highest titres of 0.58 units/ml of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, compared to 0.33, 0.23, and 0.16 units/mL by PKM, WB, and DDGS, respectively, at 72 h. Xylanase production was the highest (0.34 units/mL) when CM was added. The supernatant from fermentation of CM had the highest reducing sugars than other additional substrates at all intervals (0.10, 0.12, 0.10, and 0.11 mg/mL respectively). It is concluded that Bacillus licheniformis is capable of producing multiple cellulo- and hemicellololytic enzymes for bioethanol production using cost-effective agricultural residues, especially CM, as a sole nutrient source.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.342-346
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• 2001

The physiological changes in sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) leaves infected with Drechslera sorghicola were investigated through five recognizable stages of disease development. Water-soaked yellowish brown spots developed two days after inoculation, turned brown with yellow halo, enlarged and coalesced at later stages of disease development. Healthy and infected leaves were analyzed for different biochemical constituents. The chlorophyll contents were decreased significantly with the progress of infection. The levels of reducing and total sugars increased while non-reducing sugars decreased to a significant extent with the progress of disease. The concentration of total phenolics, orthodihydroxy phenols, free and glycosidic phenols showed significant changes due to infection, whereas basic and acid phenols showed little or no change with disease development. Levels of phenolic compounds increased four days after inoculation and decrease thereafter, but the concentration was higher at every stage of disease development relative to healthy tissues. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activities increased to varying degrees at different stages of infection. Analysis of protein fractions showed a significant increase with the progress of disease.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.552-559
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• 1997

Fe (III) impurities in clay could be microbially removed by inhabitant dissimilatory Fe (III) reducing microorganisms. Insoluble Fe (III) in clay particles was leached out as soluble reductive form, Fe (II). The microorganisms removed from 10 to 45% of the initial Fe (III) when each sugar was supplemented to be in ranges of 1 - 5 % (w/w; sugar/clay). The microorganisms reduced 2.1 - 12.8 mol of Fe (III) per 100 mol of carbon in sugars metabolized when sugars such as glucose, maltose, and sucrose were used as sole carbon source. Bacillus sp. IRB-W and Pseudomonas sp. IRB-Y were isolated from the enrichment culture of the clay. The isolates were considered to participate in metabolizing organic compounds to fermentative intermediates with relatively little Fe (III) reduction at initial Fe (III) reduction process. By the microbial treatment, the whiteness of the clay was increased form 63.20 to 79.64, whereas the redness was obviously decreased form 13.47 to 3.55. This treatment did not cause any unfavorable modifications in mineralogical compositions of the clay.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to elucidate the biochemical properties of manno-oligosaccharides (MOS) hydrolyzed by extracellular enzyme of Bacillus N3. We strived to characterize the biochemical properties of MOS since N3 can effectively hydrolyzed natural polymannans such as galactomannan (GM) and konjac (glucomannan, KM), respectively. The hydrolysis of GM and KM was applied by the strain N3 in terms of reducing sugars and the highest production of reducing sugars was estimated to be about 750 mg/L and 370 mg/L respectively, which were quantified after 7 days of cultivation in the presence of both substrates. Hydrolysates derived from the hydrolysis of KM showed the significant antioxidant activity based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity with increasing of tyrosinase inhibitory activity. On the other hand, hydrolysates derived from the hydrolysis of GM showed only ABTS radical scavenging activity without showing significant changes on tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Our data suggest that those biological characteristics may be depend on the primary structure and the size of MOS, which may be useful as potent additives for diet foods.

• Mycobiology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.170-172
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• 2004

The efficiency of acid, enzyme and microbial pretreatment of rice bran was compared based on the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, reducing sugars and xylose in the substrate. An isolate of Aspergillus niger or a strain of Trichoderma viride(MTCC 800) was employed for microbial pretreatment of rice bran in solid state. Acid pretreatment resulted in the highest amount of reducing sugars followed by enzyme and microbial pretreatment. A. niger showed a higher rate of hydrolysis than T. viride. The rice bran hydrolysate obtained from the different methods was subsequently fermented to ethanol either by Zymomonas mobilis(NCIM 806) or by Pichia stipitis(NCIM 3497). P. stipitis fermentation resulted in higher ethanol(37% higher) and biomass production($76{\sim}83%$ higher) than those of Z. mobilis. Maximum ethanol production resulted at 12h in Zymomonas fermentation, while in Pichia fermentation, it was observed at 60h. Microbial pretreatment of rice bran by A. niger followed by fermentation employing P. stipitis was more efficient but slower than the other microbial pretreatment and fermentation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2022

The discarding of wastes into the environment is a significant problem for many communities. Still, food waste can be used for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) growth. Here, we evaluated three growth media equivalent to de Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS), using apple bagasse, yeast waste, fish flour, forage oats, and cheese whey. Cell-free supernatants of eight LAB strains were tested for antimicrobial activity against nine indicator microorganisms. The supernatants were also evaluated for protein content, reducing sugars, pH, and lactic acid concentration. Cell-free supernatants from fish flour broth (FFB) LAB growth were the most effective. The strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides PIM5 presented the best activity in all media. L. mesenteroides CAL14 completely inhibited L. monocytogenes and strongly inhibited Bacillus cereus (91.1%). The strain L. mesenteroides PIM5 consumed more proteins (77.42%) and reducing sugars (56.08%) in FFB than in MRS broth (51.78% and 30.58%, respectively). Culture media formulated with agroindustrial wastes positively improved the antimicrobial activity of selected LAB, probably due to the production of antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.450-456
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• 2013

본 연구는 전복 및 다시마 추출물 첨가 김치의 아미노산 함량 및 발효특성에 관해 살펴보았다. 전복와 다시다는 추출물 형태로 첨가하였으며 젖산균, pH, 산도, 염도, 환원당, 유리당, 유기산, 유리 아미노산 및 관능평가를 실시하였다. 젖산균은 결과 초기 4.4~5.3 log CFU/g 수준이었으며 저장 7일째 6.8~7.1 log CFU/g 수준에 도달하였으며 그 이후에는 비슷한 수준을 유지하였다. 환원당과 유리당은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 이는 젖산균 증식과 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 유기산 중 citric acid, malic acid 및 succinic acid는 발효 동안 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며 lactic acid와 acetci acid는 증가하였다. 아미노산 분석 결과 타우린은 전복 첨가 김치에서 가장 높은 수준을 나타내었으며 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid 함량은 다시마 첨가 김치에서 높은 수준을 보였다. 관능평가 결과 또한 다시마 첨가 김치를 가장 선호하였으며 전복 첨가 김치는 대조구와 비슷한 기호도를 나타내었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.813-819
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 발효 백수오의 이용성 및 기능성을 증진시킨 식품 및 소재를 개발하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 기초 연구를 실시하였다. 총산도는 대조구에 비해 증가하는 경향을 보였고 발효 4일차에 0.48%로 가장 높았다. 환원당 함량 측정결과 발효 4일차 백수오는 대조구 비해 3.5배 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 유리당 함량 분석결과 발효 4일차 백수오의 80% 에탄올 추출물의 경우 glucose의 함량이 대조구에 비해 약 27.7배 증가하였고, 열수추출물에서도 약 15배 증가하였다. 총 아미노산은 필수아미노산 8종을 포함해서 총 17종이 검출되었다. 배양 8일차에는 90.36 mg/100 g 으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 백수오의 쓴맛을 내는 아미노산 arginine은 발효기간 동안 대조구에 비해 함량이 감소하였고, 단맛을 내는 아미노산인 alanine, threonine과 감칠맛을 나타내는 aspartic acid은 증가하였다. 백수오에 존재하는 지표물질인 cynandione A를 분석한 결과 80% 에탄올 추출물과 물 추출물은 발효 8일차에 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 R. delemar의 발효를 통해 백수오의 기능성을 증대시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었고, 이러한 R. delemar 균주 발효 백수오를 이용하여 기능성 및 생리활성 효능 등이 증대된 식품소재 및 건강기능식품으로 개발 가능성이 있음을 제시하였다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 기초자료로 하여 백수오의 기능성을 증대시키기에 적합한 R. delemar 균주를 이용하여 배양일에 따른 백수오의 이화학적 특성 및 성분분석과 더불어 세포실험 등을 통해 기대되는 생리활성 효능에 대한 검증이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.19-30
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• 1984

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of autohydrolysis and extraction conditions on the separation of the chemical substances, the extractability of lignin by dioxane, and the yield of reducing sugars from cellulosic substrates by using a commercial cellulase derived from Trichoderma viride. Air-dried wood meals through 0.42mm (40 mesh) screen and retained on 0.25 mm (60 mesh) of Populus alba-glandulosa and Pinus koraiensis were autohydrolyzed with water at $180^{\circ}C$ for 30 and/or 60 minutes in a 6 liter stainless-steel digester with or without 2% 2-naphthol. The hydrothermally-treated wood meals were extracted the lignin with 100%, 90%, 75% and 50% dioxane solutions at $70^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours, respectively. The results obtained were as follows; 1) After autohydrolysis of Populus alba-glandulosa, the yield of wood meals decreased with lengthening the auto hydrolysis time from 30 minutes to 60 minutes and with 2% 2-naphthol addition. In case of Pinus koraiensis, the yield was not affected by 2%, 2-naphthol addition at the autohydrolysis in the digester. 2) After autohydrolysis and lignin extraction of Populus alba-glandulosa, the yield of wood meals decreased with lengthening the autohydrolysis time from 30 minutes to 60 minutes and with 2% 2-naphthol addition. Extraction of 50% dioxane solution was the best solvent for the yield among the solutions of 100%, 90%. 75% and 50% dioxane. In case of Pinus koraiensis, the yield was not affected by 2% 2-naphthol addition and the solution of 90% dioxane was the poorest solvent for the yield. 3) After autohydrolysis and lignin extraction of Populus alba-glandulosa, the Klason lignin content in cellulosic substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis decreased with lengthening the autohydrolysis time from 30 minutes to 60 minutes and with 2% 2-naphthol addition. Klason lignin content was the lowest after extraction by 90% or 75% dioxane solution. The content was also affected by interaction of the three factors-autohydrolysis time, 2% 2-naphthol addition and concentration of dioxane. In case of Pinus koraiensis, the Klason lignin content increased with 2% 2-naphthol addition but was not affected by the concentration of dioxane solution. 4) After autohydrolysis and lignin extraction of Populus alba-glandulosa, the extractable Klason lignin content by extraction increased with lengthening the auto hydrolysis time from 30 minutes to 60 minutes and with 2% 2-naphthol addition. The extractable lignin content was the highest after extraction by 90% or 75% dioxane solution. In case of Pinus koraiensis, the extractable lignin content increased with 2% 2-naphthol addition. Extractions by 100%, 90% and 50% dioxane solutions were more effective for the extraction of Klason lignin than by 75% dioxane solution. 5) After autohydrolysis and lignin extraction of Populus alba-glandulosa, the yield of reducing sugars increased with lengthening the autohydrolysis time from 30 minutes to 60 minutes but was not affected by 2% 2-naphthol addition and the concentration of dioxane. The yield of reducing sugars after enzymatic hydrolysis was slightly higher by extractions with 90%, 75% and 50% dioxane solutions than with 100% dioxane. In case of Pinus koraiensis, the yield of reducing sugars was not affected by 2% 2-naphthol addition but affected by the concentration of dioxane. The yield of reducing sugars was the highest in cellulosic substrates extracted by 100% dioxane solution.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.201-206
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• 1998

전분풀의 첨가가 김치 발효에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 세 종류의 김치, 즉 대조군, 밀가루풀 첨가군, 찹쌀풀 첨가군을 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 2주간 저장하면서 발효 중 pH, 산도, 총 vitamin C 함량, 환원당함량 및 김치의 관능검사를 행한 결과는 다음과 같다. pH는 전분풀을 첨가한군들이 대조군보다 빠른 감소를 보였지만 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 산도는 밀가루풀 첨가군, 찹쌀풀 첨가군이 대조군보다 큰 폭으로 증가하여 전분풀의 첨가가 김치 발효를 촉진시킨다는 것을 알 수 있으며 찹쌀풀 첨가군보다는 밀가루풀 첨가군에서 산도가 더 빨리 증가되었다. pH 4.0~4.5의 숙성 적기라고 여겨지는 발효 5일째에 총 비타민 C함량은 대조군이21.3~25 mg%, 밀가루풀 첨가군이 21.4~22.2 mg%, 찹쌀풀 첨가군은 19.4~20.4 mg%로 대조군>밀가루풀 첨가군>찹쌀풀 첨가군 순으로 높았으나 발효 말기에는 대조군의 잔존량이 가장 적었다. 김치액의 환원당 함량은 대조군>밀가루풀 첨가군>찹쌀풀 첨가군의 순으로 감소하였다. 최적숙기 인 발효 5일째 관능검사를 실시한 결과 이취와 신맛이 가장 적게 나타난 찹쌀풀 첨가군이 전체적인 선호도가 가장 높았으며 숙성이 빨리 진행된 밀가루풀 첨가군은 가장 선호도가 낮았다.