• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.411-416
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• 2013

This study aimed to examine the mechanisms underlying the effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and long-chain saturated fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity of HepG2 cells. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, mouse embryonic fibroblast-adipose like cell line, were treated with MDI solution (0.5 mM IBMX, 1 ${\mu}M$ dexamethasone, 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ insulin) to generate a cellular model of adipocyte differentiation. Using this cellular model, the anti-obesity effect of Garcinia cambogia extract was evaluated. MDI-induced lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenesis-related genes were detected by Oil red O staining, Nile Red staining, and Western blot analysis. Effects Garcinia cambogia extract on palmitate-induced lipotoxicity was also analyzed by MTT assay, LDH release, and DAPI staining in HepG2 cells. Garcinia cambogia extract significantly suppressed the adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes and intracellular lipid accumulation in the differentiating adipocytes. Garcinia cambogia extract also markedly inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor ${\gamma}2$ ($PPAR{\gamma}2$), CCAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), and adipocyte protein aP2 (aP2). In addition, Garcinia cambogia extract significantly attenuated palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Palmitateinduced cellular damage and reactive aldehydes were also significantly reduced in the presence of Garcinia cambogia extract. These findings suggest that the Garcinia cambogia extract inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, probably by regulating the expression of multiple genes associated with adipogenesis such as $PPAR{\gamma}2$, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, aP2, and thereby modulating fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity to reduce cellular injury in hepatocytes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.500-512
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• 2000

Background : To evaluate the efficacy of two methods of obtaining lung recruitment to reduce ventilator-induced lung injury(VILI). Methods : Fifteen New-Zealand white rabbits were ventilated in the pressure-controlled mode while maintaining constant tidal volume(10 ml/kg) and fixed respiration rate. Lung injury was induced by repeated saline lavage (PaO2<100 mmHg), and the pressure-volume curve was drawn to obtain Pflex. The animals were then randomly assigned to three groups and ventilated for 4 hours. In the control group(n=5), positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP) less than that of Pflex by 3 mmHg was applied throughout the study. In the recruitment maneuver(RM) group(n=5), RM(CPAP of 22.5 mmHg, for 45 seconds) was performed every 15 minutes in addition to PEEP level less than Pflex by 3 mmHg This phrase is unclear. In the Pflex group, PEEP of Pflex was given without RM. Gas exchange, lung mechanics, and hemodynamics parameters as well as pathology were examined. Results : 1) Both the control and RM groups showed decreasing tendency in PaO2 with time. There was significantly decreased PaO2 at 4 hr compared to Ihr(p<0.05). But in the Pflex group, PaO2 did not decrease with time(p<0.05 vs other groups at 3, 4 hr). PaCO2 did not show significant difference among the three groups. 2) There was no significant difference in static compliance and plateau pressure. Mean blood pressure and heart rate also did not show any significant difference among the three groups. 3) The pathologic exam showed significantly less neutrophil infiltration in the Pflex group than in the control group(p<0.05). There was borderline significant difference in hyaline membrane score among the groups (p= 0.0532). Conclusion : Although recruitment maneuver of the injured lung may be important in decreasing VILI, it alone may not be sufficient to minimize VILI.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.143-152
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• 2012

This study was performed to reduce the operating cost of a greenhouse by securing electric energy required for greenhouse operation. Therefore, it experimentally reviewed the performance analysis of photovoltaic system in terms of maximum amount of generated electric power based on the amount of horizontal solar radiation during daytime. That is to say, the maximum solar radiation at 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 W. $m^{-2}$, respectively. The amount of momentary electric power of the photovoltaic system at any was about 970 W and we found that the momentary efficiency of the photovoltaic system that was used for this experiment was 97%. In the case of this system, we found that electric power will be generated when amount of horizontal solar radiation is more than 200 W. $m^{-2}$, at minimum. If the amount of horizontal solar radiation is increased, the maximum power generation is also increased. At that time, the maximum efficiencies were 30, 78, 86 and 90%, respectively. However, when the amount of insolation was about 800 W. $m^{-2}$, the maximum power generation tended to be lower than 700 W. $m^{-2}$. The efficiency which caused the maximum electric power was decreased to less than 97% of the momentary generated electric power. When the total amounts of horizontal solar radiation per day were 3.24, 8.10, 10, 90, 12.70, 14.33, 19.53 and $21.48MJ{\cdot}m^{-2}$ respectively, the total amounts of power energy were 0.03, 0.40, 3.60, 4.37, 4.71, 4.70 and 4.91 kWh. And it represented that the total amounts of power energy were either decreased or increased a bit on the border between some solar radiations. The temperature at the back of the array tended to be higher than the temperature at the front but it demonstrated an increased when the amount of solar radiation increased. In the case of this system, the performance of the module in terms of degradation has not been shown yet.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.66-78
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to apply the vibration technique to reduce the viscosity of bonding adhesives and thereby compare the bond strength and resin penetration in enamel and dentin achieved with those gained using the conventional technique and vibration technique. For enamel specimens, thirty teeth were sectioned mesio-distally. Sectioned two parts were assigned to same adhesive system but different treatment(vibration vs. non-vibration). Each specimen was embedded in 1-inch inner diameter PVC pipe with a acrylic resin. The buccal and lingual surfaces were placed so that the tooth and the embedding medium were at the same level. The samples were subsequently polished silicon carbide abrasive papers. Each adhesive system was applied according to its manufacture's instruction. Vibration groups were additionally vibrated for 15 seconds before curing. For dentin specimen, except removing the coronal part and placing occlusal surface at the mold level, the remaining procedures were same as enamel specimen. Resin composite(Z250. 3M. U.S.A.) was condensed on to the prepared surface in two increments using a mold kit(Ultradent Inc., U.S.A.). Each increments was light cured for 40 seconds. After 24 hours in tap water at room temperature, the specimens were thermocycled for 1000cycles. Shear bond strengths were measured with a universal testing machine(Instron 4465, England). To investigate infiltration patterns of adhesive materials, the surface of specimens was examined with scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In enamel the mean values of shear bond strengths in vibration groups(group 2, 4, 6) were greater than those of non-vibration group(group 1, 3, 5). The differences were statistically significant except AQ bond group. 2. In dentin, the mean values of shear bond strengths in vibration groups(group 2, 4, 6) were greater than those of non-vibration groups(group 1, 3, 5). But the differences were not statistically significant except One-Up Bond F group. 3. The vibration group showed more mineral loss in enamel and longer resin tag and greater number of lateral branches in dentin under SEM examination.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.1200-1205
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• 2007

Purpose : We performed this study to investigate the outcome of surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) in above nearterm neonates who were required mechanical ventilatory care due to meconium aspiration pneumonia (MAP), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or other severe pneumonia (PN). Methods : 48 patients, gestational period ${\geq}36weeks$, who were admitted in NICU of Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University between July 1999 and June 2004 were enrolled. They were divided into three groups, MAP group (15 cases), RDS group (27 cases) and PN group (6 cases). All patients were received SRT and evaluated several clinical data (gestational age, oxygen index, duration of ventilator care) and outcome (complications and mortality rate) between pre-SRT and post-SRT. The mean dose of surfactant (modified bovine surfactant, Newfacten, Yuhan Co., Seoul, Korea) was 120 mg/kg. Results : Among each groups, mean pre-SRT OI was higher in MAP group ($21{\pm}3.2$) than other groups, mean duration (days) of ventilatory care and oxygen therapy were similar distributions. Compared with pre-SRT values, significant improvements (P<0.05) in mean values for FiO2 and oxygenation index were documented at 12 hours after SRT. Early complications (persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborm, pneumothorax) and survival rate were lower in MAP group. Within RDS group, earlier SRT (given before 12 hours of life) revealed significantly lower early complication rate than later SRT (given after 12 hours of life) (13.3% vs 58.3%, P<0.05) Conclusion : Our study suggested that SRT seems to be an effective therapy in above nearterm neonates with severe pulmonary disease, and earlier SRT tends to reduce complications in RDS group than later therapy.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.43 no.11 s.353
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• pp.48-57
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• 2006

This work describes a 12b 200KHz 0.52mA $0.47mm^2$ algorithmic ADC for sensor applications such as motor controls, 3-phase power controls, and CMOS image sensors simultaneously requiring ultra-low power and small size. The proposed ADC is based on the conventional algorithmic architecture with recycling techniques to optimize sampling rate, resolution, chip area, and power consumption. The input SHA with eight input channels for high integration employs a folded-cascode architecture to achieve a required DC gain and a sufficient phase margin. A signal insensitive 3-D fully symmetrical layout with critical signal lines shielded reduces the capacitor and device mismatch of the MDAC. The improved switched bias power-reduction techniques reduce the power consumption of analog amplifiers. Current and voltage references are integrated on the chip with optional off-chip voltage references for low glitch noise. The employed down-sampling clock signal selects the sampling rate of 200KS/s or 10KS/s with a reduced power depending on applications. The prototype ADC in a 0.18um n-well 1P6M CMOS technology demonstrates the measured DNL and INL within 0.76LSB and 2.47LSB. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR and SFDR of 55dB and 70dB at all sampling frequencies up to 200KS/s, respectively. The active die area is $0.47mm^2$ and the chip consumes 0.94mW at 200KS/s and 0.63mW at 10KS/s at a 1.8V supply.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to estimate the measurement uncertainty associated with determination of cadmium and lead from tomato paste by ICP/MS. The sources of measurement uncertainty (i.e. sample weight, final volume, standard weight, purity, molecular weight, working standard solution, calibration curve, recovery and repeatability) in associated with the analysis of cadmium and lead were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The guide to the expression of uncertainty was used for the GUM (Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement) and Draft EURACHEM/CITAC (EURACHEM: A network of organization for analytical chemistry in Europe/Co-Operation on International Traceability in Analytical Chemistry) Guide with mathematical calculation and statistical analysis. The uncertainty components were evaluated by either Type A or Type B methods and the combined standard uncertainty were calculated by statistical analysis using several factors. Expected uncertainty of cadmium and lead was $0.106{\pm}0.015$ mg/kg (k=2.09) and $0.302{\pm}0.029$ mg/kg (k=2.16), on basis of 95% confidence of Certified Reference Material (CRM) which was within certification range of $0.112{\pm}0.007$ mg/kg for cadmium (k=2.03) and $0.316{\pm}0.021$ mg/kg for lead (k=2.01), respectively. CONCLUSION(s): The most influential components in the uncertainty of heavy metals analysis were confirmed as recovery, standard calibration curve and standard solution were identified as the most influential components causing uncertainty of heavy metal analysis. Therefore, more careful consideration is required in these steps to reduce uncertainty of heavy metals analysis in tomato paste.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 1980

Kojis were prepared from the different starch raw materials such as glutinous rice, barley rice, wheat flour and sweet potato, and were tested in an effort to reduce production cost and to improve quality of Kochuzang(red pepper paste). During the starting period of Koji preparation, there were less significant changes in pH; however, pH decreased somehow in the case of sweet potato, whereas it increased for the other Kojis. In general, the highest acidity was obtained after 72 hours of Koji preparation. Total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and amino-nitrogen content increased in order of wheat flour, barley rice, and glutinous rice; Kojis they were markedly produced between 72 and 96 hours of Koji preparation. The maximum amount of reducing sugar was observed between 48 and 72 hours of Koji preparation during this period the reducing sugar content varied widely depending on starch source. Sweet potato Koji produced the highest level of ethyl alcohol content after 72 hours of Koji preparation; for the other Koji the same trends were observed after 24 hours. The starch liquefying activities have reached the highest level after 96 hours and for glutinous rice and barley rice; however, they kept on increasing until 120 hours for wheat flour and sweet potato. Koji Starch liquefying and saccharogenic amylase activities tended to increase in order of sweet potato, glutinous rice, barley rice and wheat flour. Kojis Various protease activities were measu-red during the Koji preparation, and they increased in order of alkali, neutral and acidic protease.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.245-252
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• 2018

A method of transmitting an alert signal in case of man-overboard (MOB) systems in a small fishing vessel navigating within coastal area is being operated as VHF-DSC equipment via a distress alert button and V-P ass Equipment via alert button or beacon separation. However, a small fishing vessel with a couple of crews on board is an inappropriate way to alert a man-overboard condition. However, internationally, MOB equipment using VHF-DSC, AIS, and Bluetooth technologies is used to transmit alert signals directly to the mother ship and other radio stations. In order to analyze the performance and technology of the MOB equipment operating in foreign countries, it was confirmed that the alarm signal can be received within a maximum of one nautical mile when the MOB device is on the water surface. An MOB device that meets domestic conditions needs to send an alarm signal to a station within the VHF communication range. However, in order to reduce the false alert signal, it is most appropriate to operate the VHF-DSC radio equipment installed on the ship remotely. Analysis of various technologies connecting the MOB and the VHF-DSC revealed that the Bluetooth system has advantages such as device miniaturization. When an emergency signal is transmitted from the MOB device, it can be received by a dedicated receiver and recognized through an external input terminal of the VHF-DSC equipment generating its own alarm. If the emergency situation cannot be processed at the mother ship, a distress alert is sent to all radio stations via VHF-DSC for response under emergencies faced by small fishing vessels.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.21-29
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• 2021

Most concrete gravity-type dams in and out of the country were constructed by column method to control cracks caused by concrete hydration heat generated during construction, resulting in a certain level of leakage after impoundment through various causes, such as contraction joints and construction joints. However, due to the characteristics of concrete structures that shrink and expand according to temperature, concrete dams have vertical joints and drains to allow penetration. PVC waterproof shows excellent effects in completion of the dam, which however increases the possibility of interfacial failure due to different thermal expansion. Other causes of penetration may include problems with quality control during installation, generation of cracks due to heat of hydration of concrete, waterproofing methods, etc. In the case of Bohyunsan Dam in Yeongcheon, North Gyeongsang Province, the amount of drainage in the gallery was checked and underwater, and it was confirmed that there are many penetrations from drainage holes connected to vertical joints, and that some of the PVC waterproofs are not fully operated. As a new method to prevent penetration through vertical joints, D.S.I.M. (Dam Sealing Innovation Method) developed by World E&C was applied to Bohyunsan Dam and checked the amount of drainage in the gallery. As a result of first testing three most leaking vertical joints, the drain in the gallery was reduced by 87% on the average and then applied to the remaining 13 locations, which showed a 83% reduction effect based on the total drain in the gallery. Summing up these results, it was found that D.S.I.M. preventing water leakage from the upstream face is a valid construction method to reduce the water see-through and penetration quantity seen in downstream faces of concrete dams. If D.S.I.M. is applied to other concrete dams at domestic and abroad, it is expected that it will be very effective to prevent water leakage through vertical joints that are visible from downstream faces.