• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.184-191
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• 1976

This experiment was conducted for the control of summer depression of cool-season pasture plant. Orchard grass, tall fescue, red clover, alfalfa, and crabgrass were mulched by barley straw with depths of $100g/m^2$, $200g/m^2$ and $300g/m^2$ for 45 days -from July 1, to August 14-, and the effects on growth, yield and chemical composition were observed. The results obetain were as follow: Temperature decrease of $1.0{\sim}3.04^{\circ}C$ was followed after barley straw mulching on the grassland as compared with the control. The growth of the grasses after mulching was hastened, i. e. plant height was increasd 6.0~45% as compared with the control. Barley straw mulching with $100g/m^2$ supported the increase in yield of the grasses with an average of 32.77%, however, average yield was decreased by 7.75% with $300g/m^2$ mulching, apparently due to the rottening of grasses. Chemical compositions of mulched grasses were varied; contents of crude protein and nitrogen free extract were higher, but crude fats, fibre, and ashes were lower than those of the control.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the dry matter intake, weight gain and the required area of grazing pasture for dairy goats. The experimental trials were conducted from April, 2007 to June, 2008 at the animal experimental station in Chungnam National University. The seed mixtures of grazing pasture were composed of orchardgrass (40%) + tall fescue (20%) + perennial ryegrass (10%) + alfalfa (15%) + red clover (15%). The grazing area was $5,000\;m^2$ which was composed of 4 paddocks (average $1,250\;m^2$/plot) and the goats were grazed twelve times by a rotational grazing system. The dairy goats (Saanen) were selected which had nearly the same body weight (average 31.1kg). The average chemical composition of herbage of mixture in grazing periods was crude protein (20.4%), NDF (65.3%) and ADF (31.1%) respectively and the in vitro dry matter digestibility was 68.9%. The average dry matter intake amount per head was 1.253 kg, and the intake amount per body weight was 3.01%. The average body weight gain during the grazing periods (184 days) was 17.4 kg, and the daily gain was 98 g. The required area of grazing pasture was calculated at $467.7\;m^2$ a dairy goat (weight 50 kg basis). This figure, being converted into animal unit (AU), corresponded to approximately 2.14 AU/ha.

• Journal of Food and Nutrition Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2021

Decreased adipocyte fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and impaired preadipocyte differentiation characterize hypertrophic expansion of adipose tissue (AT) from obese and insulin resistant humans and are recognized as potential mechanisms for obesity-mediated dyslipidemia. Supplementation of formononetin (FMN), one of the principal isoflavones extracted from red clover or Huangqi (Astragalus roots), has been shown to have beneficial effects on obesity-related hyperlipidemia, a well-established cardiovascular risk factor. However, a target tissue and underlying mechanism(s) through which FMN acts have been under-investigated. Thus, we investigated whether FMN promotes adipocyte FAO and preadipocyte differentiation using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to provide potential mechanisms of FMN action. We further extended this to the culture of 10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as well as mouse AT explants to reflect in vivo effects of FMN. In fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, FMN-treatment significantly increased the expression levels of FAO-related proteins such as pAMPK, pACC, and CPT1, all of which were consistently upregulated in AT explant cultures treated with 10 μM FMN. In addition, FMN significantly enhanced the degree of differentiation of both 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and 10T1/2 MSCs into adipocytes as evidenced by Oil Red O staining of cellular lipids. This observation correlated with increased expression levels of key adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ and C/EBPα) and their down-stream target proteins (FABP4, Glut4 and adiponectin). Moreover, FMN failed to exert its stimulatory effects on preadipocyte differentiation in both cell types in the presence of a PPARγ antagonist, suggesting a PPARγ-dependent effect of FMN. Collectively, these data provide possible mechanisms of action of FMN on lipid metabolism and further support the favorable in vivo effects of FMN in diet and obesity-induced dyslipidemia.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.255-264
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• 2003

A study was conducted to determine the effects of pig slurry application on forage yield and growth of fazing Hanwoo heifer in a mixed pasture. To each of three treatments 1.4ha were alloted a control applied with only chemical fertilizer (N-P-K=150-150-120kg/ha), two pig slurry lots applied with the amount to allow 100% (150 kg/ha) or 150% (225 kg/ha) of N used in the control. A randomized block design was used without replication. Cattle were allowed to graze continuously during the experimental period. Results obtained were as follows: Total dry matter yield was 16,291, 15,632 and 16,320 kg/ha for chemical fertilizer. pig slurry 100% and 150％, respectively. The pasture was dominated by perenial ryegrass during the first gazing season, but by orchard grass and perenial ryegrass (60∼70%) and red clover (20∼30%) during the second grazing season. Average gazing rate per ha was 2.75∼2.76 animal units and daily weight gain of grazing cattle was not different among treatments ranging from 0.563 to 0.580 kg. Total weight gain of grazing cattle per ha during the grazing period was 541, 541 abd 555 kg for chemical fertilizer, pig -slurry 100 and 150%, respectively. RBC, WBC, total protein and albumin etc. concentrations in blood were normal in all treatments.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1612-1616
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• 2009

Isoflavonoids are a class of phytoestrogens. Isoflavonone synthase (IFS) is responsible for the conversion of naringenin to genistein. IFS is a cytochrome P450 (CYP), and requires cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) for its activity. Additionally, the majority of cytochrome P450s harbor a membrane binding domain, making them difficult to express in Escherichia coli. In order to resolve these issues, we constructed an inframe fusion of the IFS from red clover (RCIFS) and CPR from rice (RCPR) after removing the membrane binding domain from RCIFS and RCPR. The resultant fusion gene, RCIFS-RCPR, was expressed in E. coli. The conversion of naringenin into genistein was confirmed using this E. coli transformant. Following the optimization of the medium and cell density for biotransformation, $60\;{\mu}M$ of genistein could be generated from $80\;{\mu}M$ of naringenin. This fusion protein approach may be applicable to the expression of other P450s in E. coli.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2835-2839
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• 2014

Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant cancers in men. The isoflavone formononetin is a main active component of red clover plants. In the present study, we assessed the effect of formononetin on human prostate cancer DU-145 cells in vitro, and elucidated posssible mechanisms. DU-145 cells were treated with different concentrations of formononetin and cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay, cell apoptosis by Hoechst 33258 and flow cytometry, and protein levels of RASD1, Bcl-2 and Bax by Western blotting. The results showed that formononetin inhibited the proliferation of DU-145 cells in a dose-dependent manner. DU-145 cells treated with different concentrations of formononetin displayed obvious morphological changes of apoptosis under fluorescence microscopy. In addition, formononetin increased the proportion of early apoptotic DU-145 cells, down-regulated the protein levels of Bcl-2 and up-regulated those of RASD1 and Bax. The level of RASD1 reached its maximum at 48h post-treatment, and rapidly decreased thereafter. Together, we present evidence that formononetin triggered cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by up-regulating RASD1.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.310-315
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• 2000

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants have been reported to contain water-soluble substances that are autotoxic as well as allelopathic. Laboratory experiment through a petri-dish assay with imbibed seeds was conducted to evaluate both autotoxic and allelopathic effects of alfalfa leaf extracts on the germination and early seedling growth of alfalfa, red clover, crested wheatgrass, and Russian wildrye. Alfalfa seed germination was delayed dependent on extract concentration, with no difference in final germination at 72 hours. Root growth of alfalfa was stimulated up to 14% above control at very low concentrations of both leaf and stem extracts of alfalfa and was significantly reduced at extract concentration of more than 0.5g dry tissue/L (${gL}_{-1}$). Leaf extracts were generally more autotoxic for root growth than were stem extracts. Hypocotyl growth was not affected by all the concentrations of both leaf and stem extracts. Root length of legumes was more sensitive to the autotoxic chemicals from leaf extracts than was germination or shoot length. Hypocotyl growth of two legume plants and plant height of two grasses were not influenced by extracts. Seed germination and root growth of legumes were more inhibited by aqueous extracts of alfalfa leaf than were those of grasses. This result indicates autotoxic effect of alfalfa leaf extracts seems to be greater than allelopathic effect.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 1987

To find out the productivity of temperate grasses on the south and north slope, a field experiment was conducted with five forage species of Cactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Phleum pratense, Agrostis gigantea and Trifolium repens. It was treated by randomized block design with 4 replications and lasted from September, 1983 to October, 1986 in Suweon. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. During the vegetative period for three years, the mean surface temperature and soil temperature at a depth of lOcm on the south exposure were 2.0^{\circ}C$ and 0.8^{\circ}C$ respectively higher than that of north slope, but the soil temperature between exposures were practically not different in the mid-summer season. 2. Early growth and development of forage species on the north exposure were better than that of species on the south slope. 3. Average DM yield of grasses on the north slope was much more increased than that of species on the south, however, Trifolium repens was more positive in the south. 4. Otherwise average DM yield of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca arundinacea on the north slope was a little more increased, that of Phleum pratense and Agrostis gigantea was much more increased than that of same forage species on the south.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 1980

This study was initiated to find out the possible insect vector and other means of transmission of jujube witches'-broom disease. 1. Eight species of leafhoppers were found to feed on both healthy and diseased jujube trees. Among these, rhombic marked leafhoppers (Hishimonus sellatus Uhler) were most abundant throughout the growing season of jujube trees in all localities surveyed. H. sellatus was far more abundant on diseased trees than healthy ones. 2. Jujube witches'-broom mycoplasma(JWM) was transmitted to jujube seedlings by Hishimonus sellatus. Jujube seedlings inoculated with H. sellatus which had been fed for 14-21 days on diseased jujube plants, developed smaller, chlorotic leaves 40-60 days after inoculation. Electron microscopy of midveins and petioles of the infected jujube seedlings revealed the presence of numerous mycoplasmalike organisms in phloem tissues. 3. Jujube witches'-broom mycoplasma was also transmitted to Vinca rosea plants by H. sellatus. Infected Vinca rosea plants developed vein clearing and marginal chlorosis of upper leaves 25-38 days after inoculation and followed by stunting and ultimate wilting and death of plant. Electron microscopy of petioles and midveins of infected Vinca rosea plant revealed the presence of numerous mycoplasmalike organisms in phloem tissues. 4. H. sellatus survived more than 30 days on jujube, Vinca rosea, carrot, celery, eggplant, hop, Calystegia japonica, Humulus japonicus, Astragalus sinicus, white clover, red clover, and radino clover. Many second generation nymphs of H. sellatus were also abserved on these plants but clovers. 5. Jujube seeds collected from witches'-broom diseased jujube trees yielded healthy seedlings.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1341-1350
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• 2009

Dietary lipids are rapidly hydrolysed and biohydrogenated in the rumen resulting in meat and milk characterised by a high content of saturated fatty acids and low polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which contributes to increases in the risk of diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. There has been considerable interest in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant products with the overall aim of improving the long-term health of consumers. Metabolism of dietary lipids in the rumen (lipolysis and biohydrogenation) is a major critical control point in determining the fatty acid composition of ruminant lipids. Our understanding of the pathways involved and metabolically important intermediates has advanced considerably in recent years. Advances in molecular microbial technology based on 16S rRNA genes have helped to further advance our knowledge of the key organisms responsible for ruminal lipid transformation. Attention has focused on ruminal biohydrogenation of lipids in forages, plant oils and oilseeds, fish oil, marine algae and fat supplements as important dietary strategies which impact on fatty acid composition of ruminant lipids. Forages, such as grass and legumes, are rich in omega-3 PUFA and are a useful natural strategy in improving nutritional value of ruminant products. Specifically this review targets two key areas in relation to forages: i) what is the fate of the lipid-rich plant chloroplast in the rumen and ii) the role of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase in red clover as a natural plant-based protection mechanism of dietary lipids in the rumen. The review also addresses major pathways and micro-organisms involved in lipolysis and biohydrogenation.