• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2013

In this study, the quantitative analysis and pattern analysis of the error bounds with respect to recording period were carried out using the wave climate data from coastal areas. Arbitrary recording periods were randomly sampled from one month to six years using the bootstrap method. Based on the analysis, for recording periods less than one year, it was found that the error bounds decreased rapidly as the recording period increased. Meanwhile, the error bounds were found to decrease more slowly for recording periods longer than one year. Assuming the absolute estimate error to be around 10% (${\pm}0.1m$) for an one meter significant wave height condition, the minimum recording period for reaching the estimate error for Sokcho and Geoje-Hongdo stations satisfied this condition with over two years of data, while Anmado station was found to satisfy this condition when using observational data of over three years. The confidence intervals of the significant wave height clearly show an increasing pattern when the percentile value of the wave height increases. Whereas, the confidence intervals of the mean wave period are nearly constant, at around 0.5 seconds except for the tail regions, i.e., 2.5- and 97.5-percentile values. The error bounds for 97.5-percentile values of the wave height necessary for harbor tranquility analysis were found to be 0.75 m, 0.5 m, and 1.2 m in Sokcho, Geoje-Hongdo, and Anmado, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1161-1170
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• 2000

Objective : The transverse hippocampal slice is one of the most commonly studied in vitro models of mammalian brain physiology. However, despite its broad usage, there has been no standardization of slice preparation techniques or recording condition. It is well known that variations in recording conditions can result in profound different effects to neuronal responses. Evoked field potentials, recorded extracellularly, were used to investigate the effects of variations in hippocampal slice preparation protocol on hypoxia responses of CA1 neurones. Material & Methods : Before hypoxic injury, hippocampal slices were incubated for 4 hours. During incubation period, the slices were placed in a incubation chamber($21^{\circ}C$) for recovery from preparation injury and then transferred to recording chamber($34^{\circ}C$) for more recovery and baseline electric recording with current stimulation(0.1Hz). Various time periods in incubation chamber and recording chamber were applied to each experimental group(group 1=60min : 180min, group 2=90min : 150min, group 3=180min : 60min, time in incubation chamber : time in recording chamber) before 10 min hypoxia produced by replacing 95% $O_2$+5% $CO_2$ mixed gas to 95% $N_2$+5% $CO_2$ gas. Calcium, Magnesium ions and several drugs effecting on glutamate receptor also were studied. Recoveries from hypoxic injury of hippocampal slices were estimated by percent recovery of population spike(PS). Statistic analysis of study were performed using paired t-test. Results : The percent recovery of PS after 10min hypoxia was considerably enhanced by increasing the period of current stimulation during incubation period before hypoxic injury. Temperature effect on the result of this experiment was also studied(group 4) but the result from this showed no statistic significance. Low magnesium ion concentration of artificial CSF(Mg-free aCSF) during incubation period enhanced the recovery of PS but low calcium (calcium-free) and high magnesium ion concentration(2mM) reduced it after hypoxic injury. L-glutamate($100{\mu}M$) and AP-5($50{\mu}M$) had no effect on the recovery of PS but CNQX($10{\mu}M$) in artificial CSF during incubation period markedly enhanced the recovery of PS. Co-treatment of AP-5($50{\mu}M$), CNQX($10{\mu}M$) and high magnesium concentration(2mM) enhanced recovery of PS in immediate following period of hypoxic injury but the effect of cotreatment after then decayed rapidly and lost statistic significance. Conclusions : Judging from above results, the condition of baseline recording is important in observing the recovery of population spike after hypoxia, and the time and the condition should be controled more strictly to obtain reliable results.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.197-201
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• 2003

We investigated recording dynamics of a holographic grating in the photorefractive LiNbO$_3$ crystal under the low-intensity condition of recording beams. New expressions for the space-charge field and the recording time constant were obtained by solving the Kukhtarev equations under the global space -charge field, which is induced in the previous process of recording and erasing. Their validity can be confirmed by considering the limit that the period of the grating goes to infinity both theoretically and experimentally. It was found that the new expression for the recording time constant allows us to determine acceptor concentration to be $1.2${\times}$10^{21}m^{-3}$ for pure LiNbO$_3$ crystal and 2.5${\times}$$10^{21}m^{-3}$ for the 0.1 mol% iron doped LiNbO$_3$ crystal from the measured ratio of the recording time constant under the extremely large grating condition, in which the diffusion effect can be neglected, to that under the small grating condition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2018

Breeding bird surveys provide the reference information for understanding bird community structure and function in the ecosystem and conserving biodiversity. Recent rapid change of biodiversity due to climate change and other factors has made it necessary to utilize acoustic sensors for accuracy and spatial expansion of forest bird survey data and for time-series monitoring of forest birds. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of using acoustic recording sensor to evaluate the diversity of forest birds at breeding season by comparing and analyzing the recorded data of bird songs and field bird survey data. We conducted the site survey and recording in 186 points in 48 areas of 4 regions of Gombaeryeong and Jochimryeong around Jeombongsan Mountain and Jugryeong and Gochiryeong around Sobaeksan Mountain from May 2nd to 16th in 2013. The analysis of the correlation between the recording result and Bird Community Index based on the field survey showed that the number of bird species, population, and the number of bird songs by recording was significantly correlated to the number of species and population by field survey. Moreover, the number of bird species and the number of bird songs by recording showed a significant correlation to species diversity and species richness but no or low significant correlation to species evenness by the field study (observation and listing in parallel). As a result, it was possible to check species composition and species diversity of bird communities by analyzing acoustic recording data on the field. The acoustic recordings of bird songs in the breeding period were more reliable than the non-breeding period in the correlation of recording result and species diversity and for utilization.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.177-198
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• 2001

The purpose of this research which was conducted by surveying the transfer consultation records from 360 medical institutions such as general hospitals, hospitals, clinics to the Emergency Medical Center at E University Hospital for six months(Jan. 1, 2000 - Jun. 30, 2000) are to standardize & complete transfer consultation record of hospitals at the 1st & 2nd referral level and to give patients transferred emergency medical center medical information services on a better quality. The conclusions and suggestions from this study were summarized as follows; (1) Examing the distribution of the referral medical consultation(transfer) sheet type, surgery part local clinic sheet types were 34.4%, medical part local clinic sheet types were 26.7%, undifferentiated local clinic sheet types were 23.9% and hospital level sheet types were 15.0%. (2) The items of the transfer consultation records had been standardized more than 75% in the order of patient's name, date, doctor's name, diagnosis, patient's status, impressions. (3) That the degree of recording completion on these items is in the order of patient's name, date, diagnosis, impressions was revealed. (4) Because the standardization and the degree of recording completion are very low in the patient's gender, age, address, electronic recording system was needed for more perfect input of initial patient informations. (5) This standardizing & complete recording on examination and medication will prevent re-examination and abuse of medication for patients transferred emergency medical center. (6) EMT Transfer System should be fixed in all medical institute for the standardizing & complete recording on care period and departure time will give many emergency patients the proper treatments at the proper time. (7) It was revealed that developing new standardized transfer consultation record & using electronic recording system are needed. (8) The complete recording & Fast Track System were needed for higher rate of bed operation at emergency medical center and more hospital profit.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.355-365
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of four elastomeric interocclusal recording materials and the weight change according to different storage period (24 hours, 48hours, 7days) and different conditions (dry, wet). The techniques for establishing the intercuspal position were centic occlusion interocclusal record with four elastomeric interocclusal recording materials (Ramitec, Stat-BR, Blu-Mousse, Regisil) (experimental groups) and location of the cast in a position of maximum in-terdigitation using tactile and visual method(control group). To evaluate the accuracy of four elastomeric interocclusal recording materials, the quality of contacts between the mounted casts was compared with the results of an occlusal examination of the same subjects. The results were as follows : 1. The most accurate method of articulating study casts at the intercuspal position was by hand articulation and no significant differences in accuracy were observerd among the experimental groups. 2. In case of interocclusal records storaged in dry sealed plastic box, no significant differences in accuracy were observed among the experimental groups. 3. In case of interocclusal records storaged in water, there was significant inaccuracy in Ramitec group. 4. The biggest weight change was observed in Ramitec group in all storage conditions

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.638-654
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• 2023

Holography is generally known as a technology that records and reconstructs 3D images by simultaneously capturing the intensity and phase information of light. Two or more interfering beams and illumination of this interference pattern onto a photosensitive recording medium allow us to control both the intensity and phase of light. Holography has found widespread applications not only in 3D imaging but also in manufacturing. In fact, it has been commonly used in semiconductor manufacturing, where interference light patterns are applied to photolithography, effectively reducing the half-pitch and period of line patterns, and enhancing the resolution of lithography. Moreover, holography can be used for the manufacturing of 3D regular structures (3D photonic crystals), not just surface patterns such as 1D or 2D gratings, and this can be broadly divided into (i) holographic recording and (ii) holographic lithography. In this review, we conceptually contrast two seemingly similar but fundamentally different manufacturing methods: holographic recording and holographic lithography. We comprehensively describe the differences in the manufacturing processes and the resulting structural features, as well as elucidate the distinctions in the diffractive optical properties that can be derived from them. Lastly, we aim to summarize the unique perspectives through which each method can appear distinct, with the intention of sharing information about this field with both experts and non-experts alike.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1993

Mandibular rest position is very essential position because in that position, masticatory muscularture can be reciprocally coordinative and unstrained. So obtaining a good ability to establish and maintain rest position in non-functioning state is mandatory for treatment of patient with craniomandibular disorders. In general, many types of mandibulr movement exercise start from rest position and use the sense of muscle relearning, that is, muscle smoothness and relaxation, throughout the exercise period. In this study, 44 normal subjects for control group and 37 patients with craniomandibular disorders for experimental group participated and they were classified into 3 subgroups, respectively. One method to guide mandibular rest position was used for one subgroup, so theree methods were used for this study, 1)self-guided rest position without any education, 2) guided by Rocabado's tongue rest position, 3) guided through swallowing after Dawson's centric relation. To record electromyographic activity, Bioelectric processor EM2 (Myotronics, U.S.A.) was used. The numbers of sessions from start to stable resting electromyographic level and muscle activities in stable state were recorded and two recordings which were first and second, 3 days after first recording, were done, The data were processed with SPSS/PC+package. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Mean number of sessions in second recording were fewer than those in first recording in both groups. In comparison among 3 subgroups, mean number of sessions of subgroup guided through Dawson's method were fewer than those of other groups though it is not statistically significant. 2. There was a difference of mean number of sessions between control and experimental group in first recording, but in second recording there was no difference in any cases. 3. Mean value of muscle activity were generally not different without regard to group and method if once come to stable resting position level. Mean value of muscle activity of guided subgroups showed a tendency of decreasing in second recording than in first recording. However, in self-guided subgroup there was a inconsistent pattern. 4. The amounts of change in session number from first to second recording in control group were fewer than those in experimental group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2012

The seismic safety of long-period cable-stayed bridges is assessed by probabilistic finite element analysis and reliability analysis under NFE. The structural response of critical members of cable-stayed bridges is evaluated using the developed probabilistic analysis algorithm. In this study, the real earthquake recording(Chi-Chi Earthquake; 1997) was selected as the input NFE earthquake for investigating response characteristics. The probabilistic response and reliability index shows the different aspect comparing the result from FFE earthquake. Therefore, the probabilistic seismic safety assessment on NFE earthquakes should be performed for the exact evaluation of long-period cable-stayed bridges and the earthquake resistant design criteria should be complemented.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2005

Objective: Tremor, either essential tremor or Parkinsonian tremor, has been effectively and safely treated by lesioning the ventral intermediate(Vim) nucleus of the thalamus with or without mircroelectrode recording. The authors evaluate the treatment outcome of sixteen tremor patients who had been treated with thalamotomy without microelectrode. Methods: Between September, 2001, and December, 2003, sixteen tremor patients were treated with thalamotomy without microelectrode recording. Twelve patients suffered from Parkinsonian tremor and four patients were essential tremor patients. The male to female ratio was 1.6 to 1 with median age of 59.6 years (range; 39-74 years). Under local anesthesia, a 3mm hole was made using a hand-held twist drill, and the dura mater was penetrated with a 1.2mm sharp drill beat. Radiofrequency(RF) electrode was placed in the Vim nucleus of thalamus. With intraoperative macrostimulation, RF lesion was made. Postoperative CT scan and/or MR imaging was performed to confirm the localization of the target lesioned. Preoperative and postoperative tremor was evaluated with simple tremor severity scale and the development of complications related with the procedure was closely reviewed at the immediate postoperative period and the last follow-up. Results: It produces immediate relief in up to 98.4% of the patients. There were no development of complications related with procedure, all patients discharged one or two days after surgery. Conclusion: Vim thalamotomy without microelectrode recording is a safe and effective procedure to control the tremor with minimal morbidity. Intraoperative macroelectrode stimulation safely localizes the Vim nucleus target of the thalamus for the treatment of patients with tremor.