• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

This study was conducted to survey vegetation changes and soil characteristics in Saemangeum new reclaimed tidal land. Soil salinity in border area to tidal land was 22.3 dS $m^{-1}$ but showed 1.1~3.44 dS $m^{-1}$ over the distance of 2 km from border line. The vascular plants in survey sites were recorded as total 26 taxa in 6 families. The frequency of species appearance of Aster tripolium, A. subulatus var. sandwicensis were highest by 61.5 and that of Phragmites communis, Puccinellia nipponica were 53.8. The almost vegetations occurred in the patch which range of soil salinity 14 dS $m^{-1}$ were halophytes as Salicornia europaea, Suaeda asparagoides, S. japonica. As lowed soil salinity as 6.7 dS $m^{-1}$, mixed vegetation of halophytes with P. communis, P. nipponica, Carex pumila were occurred. Dominant species in the range of 3.0 dS $m^{-1}$ area were A. subulatus var. sandwicensis, P. communis, Echinochloa spp., Zoysia sinica and Conyza canadensis. Biomass production was the highest in the area of dominant vegetation with P. communis, and mixed zone with P. communis and Aeschynomene indica are followed. The correlation between vegetation biomass and soil salinity, soil pH and dominance index of vegetation were negative. But that of vegetation biomass and soil organic content were positive.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.219-232
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to find characteristics of $Pinus$ $densiflora$ forests in previous records and cultural landscape regions and to establish a management method for recovery of $P.$ $densiflora$ landscape. A total of 16 landscape paintings were analyzed to study $P.$ $densiflora$ forests in Inwangsan(Mt.) shown in figure data. As a result of analyzing figure data, $P.$ $densiflora$ $forests$ were found to be distributed mainly in the ridge line of east slope side of Inwangsan(Mt.) from landscape paintings of Jung Seon, Jang Si Heung and Gang Hee Un. In order to analyze the landscape of $P.$ $densiflora$ forests shown in photograph data on Inwangsan(Mt.), photographs of Inwangsan(Mt.) since late 1800s were searched and a total of 24 photographs were used for analysis. As a result of photographic analysis, $P.$ $densiflora$ forests were found to be distributed mainly in the low area and ridge line of western slope side of Inwangsan(Mt.). As a result of analyzing the distribution status of 10 cultural heritages of Inwangsan(Mt.), cultural heritages in the mountain were mainly established with rocks and $P.$ $densiflora$ forests as the background and are establishing their landscape not only as a form of cultural heritage but also including the natural landscape in the background. A method of restoring cultural landscape of P. densiflora forests was necessary. As a result of analyzing 26 rock beds of Inwangsan(Mt.), most of $P.$ $densiflora$ forests were distributed nearby rock beds since the past. Among such regions, restoration and management of introduced species in the accumulated soil regions to $P.$ $densiflora$ forests were deemed necessary. As a result of analyzing current vegetation of $P.$ $densiflora$ forest areas of the past, 51.87% of areas maintained $P.$ $densiflora$ forest and 25.80% were changed to artificial forests. Most of low areas of the mountain were turned into urban area (10.16%). Management type for restoration of $P.$ $densiflora$ landscape of Inwangsan(Mt.) was classified into preservation, $P.$ $densiflora$ restoration and maintenance. Preservation management was configured as $P.$ $densiflora$ distribution and rocky area distribution. The targets of $P.$ $densiflora$ restoration were indigenous broad-leaf trees, vegetation areas with introduced species and damaged regions within the mountain. The targets of maintenance were urban area in the low area of Inwangsan(Mt.) and military base at the top of the mountain.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.91-124
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• 1985

Mariculture is contrasted with inland aqua-culturing fisheries. It is defind as the Industry of rearing Aquaorganism in limited coastal area relatively shallow in depth. Then, It's coming into being realization of Mariculture in it is long in history that Mariculture was realized in Korea. But it is from the early part of 1960s, that this industry has normally developed. Owing to 200 miles economy-zone problems of coastal countries, the development of deep sea fishing was limited, so the Korean Government has now appreciated the importance of cultured industries in the field of coastal fisheries. And the Korean Mariculture the output of which was only 18, 000 M/T in '60s attained 540, 000M/T in 1980s, has now occupied its relative importance in Korean Fisheries Industry. So the purpose of this report is to suggest the prospect of technical development of mariculture in the future of Korea, through the analysis of the various problems that affect upon the individual management '||'&'||' fishing ground utilization, along with the appreciation of "how to extend of those technical innovation" and "how the fishermen's technique level is extended at this stage. According to this study, the result is summarized as follows. First, Maricultural technique is classified into 8 sub-techniques as follows, as shown in fig. 1.Fig. 1. The Formation structure of mariculture technique Second, the change of technical method of mariculture in coastal area of Korea has made as 5 stages; 1) Scattering of culturing organism 2) Culturing by putting stone and installing bamboo 3) Culturing by installing rope and seeding 4) Culturing of putting objectives in cages 5) Culturing fish by feed Third, the maricultural fisheries of Korea has about 70 years long in history. It began from 1910s. But at that time there was no special technique in aquaculture and its technique was confined in searching out the object of species. The species was laver, oyster ect.Forth, although realization of mariculture in Korea has been long time, it is of late from 1960s that this has been industrial with normal development, and its technique of mariculture has mainly has developed from 1970s. Its result not only contributed to the high growth in Korean ecconomy along with the well balanced development between industires, but also it played a great role for the resolution of nation's food problem. Especially maricultural production has shown its sustained annual increase of 13.8% during the last 20 years. So the portion of mariculture among total fisheries stucture was extended from 4.1% in the early 1960s to 22.4% in 1980s.Fifth, it could be safely said that such development in maricultural field is resulted from the activity of aquacultural institutes such as Fisheries Reseach '||'&'||' Development production of major kinds such as Oyster, Sea-mustard, and Laver etc. As well as in the innovation of aquaculturing method with synthetic fiber utilization. FRDA has played important role in the efficient propargation of new aquacultural technique.Sixth, as for the change in aquaculture structure and its during period between 1970s and 1980s, the private management participation shown 25% increase from household number of 45, 173 to 56, 268 in total number. And in the respect of the management scale, of their management decreased, while it showed an increase in relative large scale management, the increase over 3 employees compared with other fisheries field between '70s and 80s. This must be an major trait to be recorded, Now the data above mentioned are shown as in table 1 and 2.Table 1. The maricultural fishing ground development situation in 982.Table 2. The mariculture management as seen in the employmnet size in high seasion.Owing to the technical innovation, of the mariculture in coastal area new income of fishermen increased and it also is true that the number of fishermen participating in its industrialization increased. But the problem being from now on is the self-discharge of the destruction fishing ground considered resulted from rapid expansion in aquaculture industry and the preventive system of sentility of fishing ground. sentility of fishing ground.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.183-190
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• 1986

Identification of fruit sucking moths, their larval host plant, and degree of damages to fruits were investigated in $1982{\sim}'83$ at two orchards in Cheonnam province. In this study, 4 families 30 species were collected as fruit sucking moths and among them 10 species are newly recorded in Korea as fruit sucking moth: Catocala electa(B.), Spirama helicina(H.), Erebus ephesperis(H.), Parallelia stuposa(F.), Simplicia niphona(B.), Marumba gaschkewitschii(B. et G.), Agrius convolvuli(L.), Thyatira batis (L.), and Spilosoma niveum(M.). Larval host plants of fruit sucking moths in the vicinity of the fruit orchard include Cocculus trilobus D., Albizzia julibrissin D., Pterocarya rhoifolia S., Jaglans mandshurica M., Solanum melongena L., Brassia campestris S., Rubus idaeus C., Thalictrum aquilegifol L., and Rhus succedanea L. As the damage on different varieties of the main fruit trees, plum was orderly Santa Rosa>Beauty, Apple was Chook>Hong Og, Peach was Choseng Baeg Do>Hwang Do>Baeg Do, and Grape was Campbell Early>Neo Mascat>Golden Queen. Seasonal occurrence of main fruit sucking moth Spirama retorta(C.) showed peak 3 times in early-July, late-July, early-September. Oraesia emerginata(F.) showed peak 3 times in late-July, early-August, early- September and Lagoptera juno(D.) showed peak only in late-July and Adrias tyrannus amurensis(S.) showed peak only in mid-July. Fruit sucking moths were immigrated from p.m. 6 to a.m. 2, with peak in p.m. 10 to p.m. 12.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 1988

An Investigation of insect pests in rice stored was carried out in Jeonnam region of Korea. The total of 2 class, 7 orders 16 families and 25 species were recorded in Lepidoptera; 8, Coleoptera; 11, Orthoptera; 1, Thysanura 1, blattaria; 2, Hymenoptera; 1 and mites; 2 spe-cies. The important species among them were Sitotroga cerealella, Ephestia cautella, Paral-ipsa gularis, Poldia, in Lepidoptera, and Sitophilus orzae, Oryzaephilus surianmensis, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tribolium castaneum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Attagenus japonicus, in Coleoptera and Blatella germanica, in Blattaria and Acarus siro Petrobia latens, in mites. The duration of maximum occurrence were the late June to mid July for Sitotroga cerealella, the mod July to early August for Oryzaephilus surianmensis the mid July to August for Tribolium castaneum, the early July to late July for Sitophilus orzae, the mid June to early July for Attagenus japonicus the mid June to late Spetember for Blatella germanica and the late April to late May for Acarus siro and Petrobia latens, respectively in investigation, Blatella germanica(Blattaria) which was no problem in stored rice insect till now was mainly distributed a coastal plain and period of occurrence was long amount of occurrence was great. Rice weevil has 4 generations under natural conditions and the peak of 1st perood time was ranged from middle of jun. to last decade of Jun., 2nd period was from the lats decade of Jul. to first decade of Aug., 3rd period was from middle of Sep. to late Sep., 4th period was middle of Oct. to early Nov.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.337-349
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• 2021

This study aimed to isolate wild yeasts from water and soil sample of the Nonsan stream and Sapgyoho (lake) in Chungcheonnam-do, Korea, and to further characterize previously unrecorded wild yeast strains. In total, 102 strains, representing 55 different species of wild yeast were isolated from 95 samples collected from the Jangseoncheon and Ipchoncheon of Nonsan stream in Jellabuk-do and Chungcheonnam-do. Among these, 33 strains were isolated from alkalophilic yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) medium (pH 9.0), and 9 strains were isolated concurrently on general YPD medium (pH 6.5) and alkalophilic medium. Seventeen strains of Cryptococcus laurentii were predominantly isolated. Additionally, 65 strains, representing 27 different species of wild yeast were isolated from 58 samples obtained from Sapgyoho (lake). Among the 82 isolated wild yeast strains, 8 strains, including Candida fructus JSC 72-1(JSL-GGU 015), had not previously been recorded. All 8 previously unrecorded yeasts were oval in shape except C. fructus JSC72-1(JSL-GGU-015), and only the Filobasidium chernovii JSC39-1(JSL-GGU-013) strain formed spores. All strains except Pseudosydowia eucalypti JSC23-6(JSL-GGU-012) grew well in yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) and yeast extract-malt extract media and grew in vitamin-free medium. Four strains, including P.eucalypti JSC23-6(JSL-GGU-012) grew well in 15% NaCl-containing YPD medium. F.chernovii JSC39-1(JSL-GGU-013) and Sirobasidium intermedium JSC7-3(JSL-GGU-014) assimilated lactose, and five strains, including F. chernovii JSC39-1(JSL-GGU-013) also assimilated starch. All strains were resistant to 800 ppm of Ca, Cu, Li, and Mg ions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2016

It is important to know the sensitivity of shrubs to de-icing salt in order to set guidelines for ecological tolerance of evergreen shrubs along roads. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of de-icing salt, calcium chloride($CaCl_2$), on the growth and physiological characteristics of three evergreen shrubs, Euonymus japonica, Rhododendron indicum, and Buxus koreana. Plants were exposed to calcium chloride at different concentrations(weight percentage, 0% as control, 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0%) through amended soil maintained from the start of the experiment in October of 2014 until termination in March of 2015. The survival rate, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter, root/top ratio, chlorophyll contents, fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conduct, and transpiration rate were recorded. Elevated calcium chloride concentrations decreased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter, and R/T ratio of the three shrubs. Root growth responded more sensitively than the top growth to salinity. However Euonymus japonica was more tolerant to salt stress than Rhododendron indicum and Buxus koreana. Their growths were totally inhibited by $CaCl_2$ above 3.0% and 1.0% concentrations, respectively. Chlorophyll content, fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conduct, and transpiration rate of both Rhododendron indicum and Buxus koreana were reduced sharply, while Euonymus japonica exhibited mild reductions compared to plants grown in control when increasing calcium chloride was used. Especially, the transpiration rates of Rhododendron indicum, and the photosynthesis and stomatal conduct of Buxus koreana were suppressed as the concentrations of calcium chloride increased. Therefore, Euonymus japonica should be considered as an ecologically tolerant species with proven tolerance to de-icing salt.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.425-435
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the impact of the physical structure, such as altitude, slope gradient, slope direction, and topographical structure, and the vegetation pattern, such as existing vegetation, diameter of breast height (DBH), and crown density, on climate. The analysis results showed the significant difference in relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation at varying altitudes, the significant difference in all climate factors except for the wind speed at varying slope gradient, and significant difference in temperature and relative humanity at varying slope direction. The topographic structures were divided into valleys, slopes, and ridges. They were found to differ in relative humidity. However, the differences between constant trends and types were found to be insignificant concerning temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation. Significant differences in temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were recorded with changing existing vegetation. The DBH showed a significant difference in temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation. The crown density showed a significant difference in temperature and solar radiation. The result of the relationship analysis for the analysis of the effect of vegetation pattern and physical structure on the meteorological environment showed that temperature was affected by slope gradient, slope direction, DBH, and crown density. The relative humidity was correlated with the altitude, slope gradient, slope direction, and topological structure in physical structure and the existing vegetation and crow density in vegetation pattern. The wind speed was correlated with the altitude, existing vegetation, and DHB, and the solar radiation was correlated with the slope gradient, DHG, and crown density. The crown density was the most overall significant factor in temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation, followed by the slope gradient. DBH was also found to be highly correlated with temperature and solar radiation and significantly correlated with wind speed, but there was no statistically significant correlation with relative humidity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.381-387
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• 2015

This study was firstly conducted to investigate changes of vegetation and soil characteristics in reclaimed land applied with solidified sewage sludge for the cultivation of bioenergy crops. Each vegetation survey site was approximately $15m{\times}3m$ on the inside of each experimental plot that consisted of 50% (A-1), 30% (A-2), 15% (A-3), and 5% (A-4) mixture of solidified sewage sludge, and original reclaimed soil (ORS). After the application of solidified sewage sludge, we monitored the changes of vegetation and soil properties for three years. In first year, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ content was 9.4~10.8, $9.10{\sim}14.41\;dS\;m^{-1}$, and $62.1{\sim}204.2\;cmol\;kg^{-1}$, respectively, while three years later, it decreased to 8.1~8.4, $1.65{\sim}5.98\;dS\;m^{-1}$, and $21.9{\sim}43.1\;cmol\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. These results indicated that several of soil chemical elements which have nagative impacts on the plant growth in the plots of mixtures of solidified sewage sludge, steadily declined as the years go by. The vegetations in each survey site were recorded as 6 families and 12 species in 2014, while the vegetations were not occurred at all survey sites in 2012, and only halophytes as Phragmites australis and Suaeda asparagoides were observed in 2013. Diversity of vegetation, which was calculated by shannon index (H'), increased as the season progressed at each experimental plot applied with solidified sewage sludge. In original reclaimed soil, however, there was showed the high community similarity of vegetation due to the fact that P. australis and S. asparagoides were only occurred for survey periods.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.75-99
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• 1991

A quantitative analysis was carried out to monitor the commercial yield level of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the east coast of Korea, based on available data on catch and fishing effort, catch per unit of effort including fish prices from 1911 to 1988, using a traditional yield model. The results from the quantitative assessment were based to estimate maximum economic yield (MEY) and optimal fishing effort (E-opt) at MEY. On the other hand, interaction aspects between danish seine fishery and trawl fishery mainly targeting walleye pollock in the east coast of Korea were studied to predict optimal situation in fishing effort level from economic point of view which gives the most benefits to the two fisheries. Total production of walleye pollock in 1911 when its catch record was begun for the first time was about 12, 000 metric tons(M/T), and then the catch trend maintained nearly at the level of 50, 000 M/T per annum, showing a decreasing trend until 1930. The highest production from historical data base on walleye pollock fishery statistics was from the years in 1939 and 1940, about 270, 000 M/T and 26, 000 M/T, respectively. No production of the fish species was recorded during the years from 1943 to 1947, and from 1949 to 1951. From 1952 onwards annual production was only available from the southern part of 38$^{\circ}$N in the east coast. During two decades from 1952 to 1970, the production had sustained about less than 30, 000 M/T every year. Annual production showed an increasing trend from 1971, reaching a maximum level of approximately 162, 000 M/T in 1981. Afterwards, it has deceased sharply year after year and amounted to 180, 000 M/T in 1988. The catch composition of walleye pollock for different fishery segments during 1970~1988 showed that more than 70% of the total catch was from danish seine fishery until 1977 but from 1978 onwards, the catch proportion did not differ from one another, accounting for the nearly same proportion. Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for both danish seine fishery and trawl fishery maintained a decline tendency after 1977 when the values of CPUE were at level of 800 kg/haul for the former fishery and 1, 300 kg/haul for the latter fishery, respectively. CPUEs of gillnet fishery during 1980~1983 increased to about 3.5 times as high value as in the years, 1970~1979 and during 1987~1988 it decreased again to the level of the years, 1970~1978. The bottom longline fishery's CPUE wa at a very low level (20 kg/basket) through the whole study years, with exception of the value (60 kg/basket) in 1980. Fishing grounds of walleye pollock in the east coast of Korea showed a very limited distribution range. Danish seine fishery concentrated fishing around the coastal areas of Sokcho and Jumunjin during January~February and October~December. Distributions of fishing grounds of trawl fishery were the areas along the coastal regions in the central part of the east coast. Gillnet and bottom longline fisheries fished walleye pollock mainly in the areas of around Sokcho and Jumunjin during January~February and December. Relationship between CPUEs' values from danish seine fishery and trawl fishery was used to standardize fishing effort to apply to surplus production model for estimating maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and optimum fish effort (F-opt) at MSY. The results suggested a MSY of 114, 000 M/T with an estimated F-opt of 173, 000 hauls per year. Based on the estimates of MSY and F-opt, MEY was estimated to be about 94, 000 M/T with a range of 81, 000 to 103, 000 M/T and E-opt 100, 000 hauls per year with a range of 80, 000 to 120, 000 hauls. The estimated values of MEY and E-opt corresponded to 82% of MSY and 58% of F-opt, respectively. An optimal situation in the fishing effort level, which can envisage either simultaneously maximum yield or maximum benefit for both danish seine fishery and trawl fishery, was determined from relationship between revenue and cost of running the fleet : the optimal fishing effort of danish seine fishery was about 52, 000 hauls per year, corresponding to 50 danish seiners and 27, 000 hauls per year which is equal nearly to 36 trawlers, respectively. It was anticipated that the net income from sustainable yield estimated from the respective optimal fishing effort of the two fisheries will be about 3, 800 million won for danish seine fishery and 1, 000 million won for trawl fishery.