• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lime, zeolite, and rock phosphate as coating materials and coated seed size on germination, establishment, and early growth of pasture species at the experimental livestock farm, Yonam College of Agriculture in 1997. Germinating energy and germination of coated tall fescue and orchardgrass seeds were lower than those of non-coated seeds. Coated seed of tall fescue with 70% lime and 15% rock phosphate was the best in germination. The germination of small size seed (< ${\varnothing}2$ mm) was better than those of medium (> ${\varnothing}2$ mm and < ${\varnothing}2$ mm) and large size seeds (> ${\varnothing}2$ mm). Germination of coated orchardgrass seed with 55% lime and 30% rock phosphate treatment was higher than that of other coated seeds, and germination of small size seed was higher than those of medium and large size seeds (p<0.05). Germination energy and germination of coated alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil seeds were lower than those of non-coated seeds. Germination of coated alfalfa seed with 70% lime and 15% rock phosphate, and 45% lime and 55% rock phosphate was higher compared with other coated seeds. Germination of medium size seed was higher than those of small and large size seeds (p<0.05). Among coated birdsfoot trefoil seed, 45% lime and 40% rock phosphate treatment resulted in higher germinating energy and germination than other treatments. There was no significant difference in establishment and early growth of coated tall fescue and orchardgrass seeds. However, tall fescue and orchardgrass coated with 45 % lime and 40% phosphate rock showed higher establishment and early growth. There was also no significant difference in establishment and early growth of coated alfalfa among the treatments. Among coated treatments, establishment and early growth of alfalfa coated with 75% lime and 10% rock phosphate were the highest and showed 46.4% and $72.6\;g/\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. Establishment and early growth of coated birdsfoot trefoil with 55% lime and 30% rock phosphate were the highest among coated birdsfoot trefoil seed (p<0.05) and recorded 46.4% and $44.6\;g/\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. Results of this study indicate that the germination of coated grass and legume seed may be improved by increasing the percentage of rock phosphate and decreasing that of lime. With regard to seed size, the germination of pasture species with small seed size (< ${\varnothing}2$ mm) may be better than medium and large size seeds except alfalfa. Establishment and early growth of grasses can be also improved by increasing the percentage of rock phosphate and decreasing that of lime.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.287-294
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the antioxidative effects of brown seaweed Ecklonia cava extract and its subfractions. All experiments were performed with 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction of E. cava. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of ethyl acetate fraction ($FSC_{50}=6.98{\mu}g/mL$) and aglycone fraction ($7.03{\mu}g/mL$) are similar to that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($8.98{\mu}g/mL$) which is a reference control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity (total antioxidant capacity, $OSC_{50}$) of the aglycone fraction ($OSC_{50}=14.48{\mu}g/mL$) on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay was the strongest among all extract and fractions. However, all samples showed lower antioxidant activities than that of L-ascorbic acid ($6.88{\mu}g/mL$) known as a powerful antioxidant. The protective effect of 50% ethanol extract on the $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of human erythrocytes was dependent on the concentration from 5 to $50{\mu}g/mL$. Both ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction showed strong cellular protective activities at $10{\mu}g/mL$, where the cellular protective effects (${\tau}_{50}$) of each fraction were recorded 442.0 min and 539.9 min, respectively. Three kinds of extract/fractions of E. cava showed much greater cellular protective activities at $10{\mu}g/mL$ than that of liposoluble antioxidant (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (40.6 min) which is a reference control. These results suggest E. cava extracts and its fractions can be applied as an antioxidant ingredient in a field of cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.250-293
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• 2021

Limestone areas are sedimentary rock outcrops consisting of calcium carbonate created several hundreds of millions of years ago by calcium-secreting marine organisms and subsequently lifted above sea level by tectonic movement. Limestone areas support very high levels of endemic species of plants and are recognized as biodiversity areas with much biological information. The purpose of this study is to devise a strategy for the comprehensive conservation of the vegetation of limestone areas through analyses of the floristics and plant species compositions in ten limestone areas on the Korean Peninsula. The results of 153 field surveys from April of 2010 to October of 2016 identified 1,202 taxa in total, representing 1,096 species, 18 subspecies, 84 varieties, 2 forms, and 2 hybrids in 530 genera and 133 families. Among them, 55 taxa were endemic plants to Korea, and 38 taxa were red data plants. The floristic target plants amounted to 102 taxa, specifically 27 taxa of grade V and 75 taxa of grade IV. In all, 121 alien plants were recorded in the investigated area. Calciphilous plants amounted to 102 taxa, specifically 14 taxa of calciphilous indicator plants, 30 taxa of superlative most calciphilous plants, and 58 taxa of comparative more calciphilous plants. A cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity between sites that are geographically adjacent with similar habitat environments. Limestone areas also supported groups distinct from those in non-limestone areas, demonstrating the specificity of limestone flora. Plant geography approaches therefore appear to be crucial to gain a better understanding of the level of biodiversity in limestone areas, not only at the interspecific but also at the intraspecific level. These results highlight the importance of protecting limestone habitats to preserve not only their interspecific but also the intraspecific diversity, which is highly threatened.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2019

The goal of this study was to elucidate wild yeast diversity of Geumgang midstream near Sejong metropolitan autonomous city, Korea. Thirty-seven strains of 32 species of wild yeasts were isolated from 43 water and soil samples under the Bulti bridge of Sejong city, Korea. Seven yeasts of each Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. were the predominant species isolated from samples near the Bulti bridge. Holtermanniella takashimae SW048 (NNIBRFG9314), Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum SW013 (NNIBRFG9310), Mrakia cryoconite SW015 (NNIBRFG9316), Pichia sporocuriosa SW085 (NNIBRFG9326) and Cryptococcus aspenensis SW008 (NNIBRFG9309) represented novel yeast strains found in Korea for the first time. All of these previously unrecorded yeasts, except for Mrakia cryoconite SW015 had ascospores and grew well in yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD), yeast extract-malt extract (YM) and potato-extrose (PD) media. Pichia sporocuriosa SW085 grew well in vitamin-free medium and Holtermanniella takashimae SW048, which was a halotolerant wild yeast, grew well YPD medium containing 5 % NaCl. Twenty-six strains representing eight species of wild yeast were isolated from 22 water and soil samples under the Haetmuri bridge of Sejong city, Korea. Candida pseudolambica (12 strains) and Aureobasidium pullulans (11 strains) were the predominant isolates from samples near the Haetmuri bridge. Occultifur kilbournensis HB060 (NNIBRFG9317), Sampaiozyma vanillica HB014 (NNIBRFG9332), Xenoramularia neerlandica HB039 (NNIBRFG9335), Candida norvegica HB315 (NNIBRFG9306), C. melibiosica HB316 (NNIBRFG9305), C. quercuum GB014 (NNIBRFG9307), and C. succiphila GB015 (NNIBRFG9308) represented novel yeast strains recorded in Korea for the first time. O. kilbournensis HB060 and X. neerlandica HB039 did not form ascospores or pseudo-mycelia. All of these previously unrecorded yeasts, except S. vanillica HB014 and X. neerlandica HB039, grew well in vitaminfree medium, and C. norvegica HB315 and C. succiphila GB015, which were halotolerant wild yeasts, which grew well in YPD medium containing 5 % NaCl.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.4-9
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• 1966

1. On 13 September 1964 a storm raged for 3 hours and 20 minutes with pounding heavy rainfalls, and precipitation of 287.5 mm was recorded on that day. The numerous landslides were occured in the eroded forest land neighbouring Mt. Chunbo, while no landslides recorde at all on Mt. Jookyup within the premise of Kwangnung Experiment Station, the Forest Experiment Station. 2. Small-scalled Landslides were occured in 43 different places of watershed area (21.97 ha.) in which the survey had already been done, in and around Mt. Chunbo (378 m a.s.l.). The accumulated soil amount totaled $2,146,56m^3$ due to the above mentioned landslides, while soil accumulated from riverside erosion has reached to $24,168.79m^3$, consisting of soils, stones, and pebbles. However, no landslides were reported in the Mt. Jook yup area because of dense forest covers. The ratio of the eroded soil amount accumulated from the riversides to that of watershed area was 1 to 25. On the other hand, the loss and damage in the research area of Mt. Chonbo are as follows: 28 houses completly destroyed or missing 7 houses partially destroyed 51 men were dead 5 missing, and 57 wounded. It was a terrible human disaster However, no human casualties were recorded at all, 1 house-completly destroyed and missing, 2 houses-partially destroyed. Total:3 houses were destroyed or damaged, in The area of Mt. Jookyup 3. In the calculation of the quanty of accumulated soil, the or mula of "V=1/3h ($a+{\sqrt{ab}}+b$)" was used and it showed that 24, 168.79m of soil, sands, stones and pebbles carried away. 4. Average slope of the stream stood 15 at the time of accident and well found that there was a correlation between the 87% of cross-area sufferd valley erosion and the length of eroded valley, after a study on regression and correlation of the length and cross-area. In other works, the soil erosion was and severe as we approached to the down-stream, counting at a place of average ($15^{\circ}1^{\prime}$) and below. We might draw a correlation such as "Y=ax-b" in terms of the length and cross-area of the eroded valley. 5. Sites of char-coal pits were found in the upper part of the desert-like Mt. Chunbo and a professional opinion shows that the mountain was once covered by the oak three species. Furthermore, we found that the soil of both mountains have been kept the same soil system according to a research of the soil cross-area. In other words, we can draw out the fact that, originally, the forest type and soil type of both Mt. Chunbo (378m) and Mt. Jookyup (610m) have been and are the same. However, Mt. Chunbo has been much more devastated than Mt. Jookyup, and carried away its soil nutrition to the extent that the ratios of N. $P_2O_5K_2O$ and Humus C.E.C between these two mountains are 1:10;1:5 respectively. 6. Mt. Chunbo has been mostly eroded for the past 30 years, and it consists of gravels of 2mm or larger size in the upper part of the mountain, while in the lower foot part, the sandy loam was formulated due to the fact that the gluey soil has been carried and accumulated. On the hand, Mt. Jookyup has consitantly kept the all the same forest type and sandy loam of brown colour both in the upper and lower parts. 7. As for the capability of absorbing and saturating maximum humidity by the surface soil, the ratios of wet soil to dry soil are 42.8% in the hill side and lower part of the eroded Mt. Chunbo and 28.5% in the upper part. On the contrary, Mt. Jookyup on which the forest type has not been changed, shows that the ratio in 77.4% in the hill-side and 68.2% in the upper part, approximately twice as much humidity as Mt. Chunbo. This proves the fact that the forest lands with dense forest covers are much more capable of maintaining water by wood, vegitation, and an organic material. The strength of dreventing from carring away surface soil is great due to the vigorous network of the root systems. 8. As mentioned above, the devastated forest land cause not only much greater devastation, but also human loss and property damage. We must bear in mind that the eroded forest land has taken the valuable soil, which is the very existance of origin of both human being and all creatures. As for the prescription for preventing erosion of forest land, the trees for furtilization has to be planted in the hill,side with at least reasonable amount of aertilizer, in order to restore the strength of earth soil, while in the lower part, thorough erosion control and reforestation, and establishments along the riversides have to be made, so as to restore the forest type.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.227-246
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• 1994

Present investigations were undertaken in order to clarify the clinical status of Korean native cattle and dairy cattle(holstein). Blood, Feces and urine samples were collected from 247 Korean native cattle(222 adult and 25 calf), 224 dairy cattle(211 adult and 13 calf) at Chonbuk area and analyzed for clinical, serum chemical, hematological and urinary findings. In addition, we were examined the infection rate of Theileriosis, internal patasite and ring worm. The mean value for each component was calculated by statistical analysis using Excel computer program. From these investigations the following results were obtained. The mean values for RBC, PCV and etc in 433 adult cow(Korean native cattle and dairy cattle) were similar with other reports. But the mean values for MCHC of all species were lower than normal. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically normal levels were only 9.01% and 9.48%, respectively. Ahnormally high values for PCV, RBC and Hb were recorded in 7.66% of adult Korean native cattle, 20% of Korean native calf, 15.38% of dairy calf. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically anemia were 4.95% and 19.43% respectively, but all in Korean native calf and dairy calf showed normal values. Adult Korean native cattle, adult dairy cattle, Korean native calf and dairy calf which showed normal serum protein level were 84.0%, 90.8%, 50% and 44.4%, respectively. In present investigations, 50% of Korean native calf and 55.6% of dairy calf were decreased serum protein values under normal range. These abnormally decreased serum protein values mean the shortage of antibody, and these have a possibility to occrus to pneumonia and diarrhea. From these results, the economical loss caused by pneumonia was calculated as 124, 038, 833 won in the KNC and 742, 703, 430 won in the dairy calf rearing in Chonbuk area. Calculated economical loss caused by enteritis was 56, 658, 690 won in Korean native cattle. 476, 775, 799 won in dairy calf and the total loss amount to 533, 434, 488 won in Chonbuk area. Abnormally high values($21.7{\pm}4.0mg/dl) for serum calcium were recorded 49.6% in dairy cattle. The mean values of serum total cholesterol were $170.8{\pm}99.8mg/dl in Korean native cattle, $196.0{\pm}40.6mg/dl$ in Korean native calf, $202.9{\pm}86.0mg/dl$ in adult dairy cattle and $289.4{\pm}97.5mg/dl$ in dairy calf. The infection rate of internal parasite were as follows； adult Korean native cattle：21.2%, Korean native calf：80%, adult dairy cattle：67.8%. The estimated economical loss caused by internal parasites infection were 1, 120, 855, 837 won in Korean native calf, 4, 994, 959, 405 won in adult Korean native cattle, 3, 334, 751, 066 won in adult holstein, and the total loss amount to 9, 450, 566, 308 won. The infection rate of theileriosis were 1.4% in Korean native cattle and 6.6% in dairy cattle. The presumed Economical loss by T. sergenti infection were 154, 408, 482 won in Korean native cattle and 171, 577, 237 won in dairy cattle rearing at Chonbuk area. The infection rat of ringworm were 0.5% in Korean native cattle, 0.9% in adult dairy cattle and 7.7% in dairy calf. The presumed economical loss by dermatomycophyte were 12, 061, 532 won in Korean native cattle, 16, 895, 403 won in dairy cattle, and the total estimated loss amount to 28, 955, 935 won a year in Chonbuk area. The infection rate of ringworm were 0. 5% in Korean native cattle, 0.9% in adult dairy cattle and 7.7% in dairy calf. The presumed economical loss by dermatomycophyte were 12, 061, 532 won in Korean native cattle, 16, 895, 403 won in dairy cattle, and the total estimated loss amount to 28, 955, 935 won a year in Chonbuk area.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.195-212
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• 1994

For the purpose to increase productivities of livestock the present investigations were undertaken in order to clarify the clinical and suclinical status of Korean native cattle, dairy cattle(holstein) and Korean native goat. Blood, feces and urine samples were collected from 247 Korean native cattle(222 adult and 25 calf), 224 dairy cattle(211 adult and 13 calf) and 142 Korean native goat rearing at Chonbuk area and analyzed for clinical, serum chemical, hematological and urinary findings. In addition, we were examined the infection rate of theileriosis, internal parasite and ring worm. The mean value for each component was calculated by statistical analysis using Excel computer program. From these investigations the following results were obtained. The mean values for RBC, PCV and etc in 433 adult cow(Korean native cattle and dairy cattle) were similar with other reports. But the mean values for MCHC of all species were lower than normal. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically normal levels were only 9.01% and 9.48%, respectively. Abnormally high values for PCV, RBC and Hb were recorded in 7.66% of adult Korean native cattle, 20% of korean native calf, 15.38% of dairy calf and 13.36% of Korean native goat. Adult Korean native cattle and adult dairy cattle which showed hematologically anemia were 4.95% and 19.43% respectively, but Korean native calf and dairy calf showed normal. Adult Korean native cattle, adult dairy cattle, Korean native calf and dairy calf which showed normal serum protein level 84.0%, 90.8%, 50% and 44.4%, respectively. In present investigations, 50% of Korean native calf and 55.6% of dairy calf were decreased serum protein values under range. These abnormally decreased serum protein values mean the shortage of antibody, and these have a possibility to occurs to pneumonia and diarrhea. From these results, the economical loss caused by pneumonia was calculated as 124,038,833 won in the KNC and 742,703,430 won in the dairy calf rearing in Chonbuk area. Calculated economical loss caused by enteritis was 56,658,690 won in Korean native cattle, 476,775,799 won in dairy calf, and the total loss amount of 533,434,488 won in Chonbuk area. Abnormally high values$(21.7{\pm}4.0mg/dl)$ for serum calcium were recorded 49.6% in dairy cattle. The mean values for serum total cholesterol were $170.8{\pm}99.8mg/dl$ in Korean native cattle, $196.0{\pm}40.6mg/dl$ in Korean native calf, $202.9{\pm}86.0mg/dl$ in adult dairy cattle and $289.4{\pm}97.5mg/dl$ in dairy calf. The infection rate of internal parsite were as follows; adult Korean native cattle: 21.2%, Korean native calf: 8.0%, adult dairy cattle: 67.8% and Korean native goat: 81.5%. The estimated economical loss caused by internal parasites infection were 1,120,855,837 won in Korean native calf, 4,994,959,405 won in adult Korean native cattle, 3,334,751,066 won in adult holstein, and the total loss amount to 9,450,566,308 won. The infection rate of theileriosis were 1.4% in Korean native cattle and 6.6% in dairy cattle. The presumed economical loss by T. sergenti infection were 154,408,482 won in Korean native cattle and 171,577,237 won in dairy cattle rearing at Chonbuk area. The infection rate of ringworm were 0.5% in Korean native cattle, 0.9% adult dairy cattle and 7.7% in dairy calf. The presumed economical loss by dermatomycophyte were 12,061,532 won in Korean native cattle, 16,895,403 won in dairy cattle, and the total estimated loss amount to 28,955,935 won a year in Chonbuk area.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.319-330
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• 2022

Andong is a place to culture the great amount of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Korea. This study reports a yearly occurrence (March 31~October 25, 2021) of thrips infesting the hot pepper in Andong. Thrips caught to yellow sticky traps were diagnosed by morphological characters and showed two dominant species: Frankliniella occidentalis and F. intonsa. During this period, a total of 107,874 thrips were caught and included F. occidentalis at about 82%, F. intonsa at about 17%, and the other thrips at about 0.3%. There were two main peaks at May~June and at September~October, respectively, in which the total number of thrips was higher in the second peak and most were F. occidentalis. Interestinly, a low level of thrips occurred during July~August was observed and explained by their susceptibility to high temperatures. A laboratory experiment by exposing thrips to high temperatures showed that thrips were susceptible to temperatures higher than 35℃ and not tolerant to 45℃ for 1 h. Indeed, high temperatures higher than 45℃ were recorded in the greenhouses in Andong during July~August. F. occidentalis was more tolerant to the high temperatures than F. intonsa. On the other hand, the thrips showed the highest occurrence peak at July~August in hot pepper-culturing greenhouse in Kangwon, where the average temperatures were mostly lower than those of Andong and no high temperatures higher than 45℃ were recorded during July~August. A viral disease caused by tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was observed in the hot peppers cultured in Andong greenhouses. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the virus along with identification of thrips. With a high record of about 30%, the virus-infected thrips were detected during all the monitoring period. The virulent thrips were identified to be only F. intonsa. These results suggest that F. occidentalis gives a direct damage especially during harvesting period with their high populations while F. intonsa gives indirect damage by transmitting TSWV.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.639-650
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• 2022

Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai, a rare plant with distylous characteristics, is native to certain parts of the Korean Peninsula. It is registered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as a globally endangered plant. This study was conducted to establish an appropriate local conservation management plan suitable for future A. distichum populations by comparing and analyzing the flowering characteristics and population size according to distyly based on the results of quantitative surveys in 14 regions, including 8 areas with native populations of A. distichum and 6 natural monument populations. The number of individuals appearing in each population group was surveyed, and the flowering individuals were identified by style as being either pin or thrum flower types as they were being examined and recorded on the site. In total, 13,130 individuals of A. distichum (7,003 flowering and 6,127 non-flowering individuals) were recorded, but the balance of the number of pin- and thrum-flowered individuals in each population was not significant (p<0.05), indicating an imbalanced state. In particular, the Yeongdong (YD) population was very disproportionate compared to other populations, suggesting that its genetic diversity was low and the possibility of inbreeding was high. The average flowering and fruiting rates by management unit were much higher in the natural monument populations (89.2% and 55.3%, respectively) than in the natural habitat populations (39.0% and 8.5%, respectively). It may be due to a difference in reproductive growth resulting from light inflow into the forest caused by the upper crown closure. The area of occupation (AOO) of A. distichum on the Korean Peninsula covered an area of 23,224.5 m². Although the natural monument population was smaller than the natural habitat population, its density was higher, likely as a result of the periodic management of natural monument populations, where the installation of protective facilities in certain areas restricts population spread. Conservation of A. distichum populations requires removing the natural monument populations suspected of anthropogenic and genetic disturbances and expanding the conservation priority population by designating new protected areas. Although the habitats of natural monument populations are managed by the Cultural Heritage Administration and local governments, there are no agencies that are responsible for managing natural habitat populations. Therefore, institutional improvement in the overall management of A. distichum should be prioritized.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2011

The legally protected trees distributed in Gwangju City is 68 individuals belong to 9 taxa. Among the legally protected trees recorded in environment white paper, Quercus dentata located in Gwangsan-gu Eunnam-dong Shinga village must come to correct Quercus liena, Populus nigra var. italica of Byeokjin village of Seo-gu Byeokjin-dong change to Salix glandulosa and Pinus densiflora of Sukjung-dong, Nam-gu should be alter into Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis. IPCC make an estimate the mean temperature multiplies best $6.4^{\circ}C$ and sea level of 59 cm rises and is warning that the North-Pole glacier may have melted mostly and 95% of bio-species on earth may falls at extinction crisis on the late 21th century. If apply IPCC estimate result to evaluate climate change vulnerability through the legally protected trees of Gwangju City, it should be estimated that mean minimum temperature of the coldest month of Gwangju City in the late 21th century result in higher than $3^{\circ}C$ as mean minimum temperature, January in Cheju Island at present. Therefore, it is estimate that the legally protected trees of Cheju Island such as Pinus thunbergii, Celtis sinensis, Aphananthe aspera and a evergreen broadleaf trees will grow up well in Gwangju City area in the late 21th century. The other hand, P. densiflora for. multicaulis and zelkova serrata as the legally protected trees that appear together in Seoul and Gwangju will be estimate by something to expose show vulnerability in region of Gwangju City.