• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1625-1630
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• 2007

A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of reciprocal cross on the detection and characterization of Mendelian QTL in $F_2$ QTL swine populations. Data were simulated under two different mating designs. In the one-way cross design, six $F_0$ grand sires of one breed and 30 $F_0$ grand dams of another breed generated 10 $F_1$ offspring per dam. Sixteen $F_1$ sires and 64 $F_1$ dams were randomly chosen to produce a total of 640 $F_2$ offspring. In the reciprocal design, three $F_0$ grand sires of A breed and 15 $F_0$ grand dams of B breed were mated to generate 10 $F_1$ offspring per dam. Eight $F_1$ sires and 32 $F_1$ dams were randomly chosen to produce 10 $F_2$ offspring per $F_1$ dam, for a total of 320 $F_2$ offspring. Another mating set comprised three $F_0$ grand sires of B breed and 15 $F_0$ grand dams of A breed to produce the same number of $F_1$ and $F_2$ offspring. A chromosome of 100 cM was simulated with large, medium or small QTL with fixed, similar, or different allele frequencies in parental breeds. Tests between Mendelian models allowed QTL to be characterized as fixed (LC QTL), or segregating at similar (HS QTL) or different (CB QTL) frequencies in parental breeds. When alternate breed alleles segregated in parental breeds, a greater proportion of QTL were classified as CB QTL and estimates of QTL effects for the CB QTL were more unbiased and precise in the reciprocal cross than in the one-way cross. This result suggests that reciprocal cross design allows better characterization of Mendelian QTL in terms of allele frequencies in parental breeds.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.675-682
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• 2002

In this study, we develop the statistical analysis program for genetic analysis of diallel crosses data by SAS/MACRO, SAS/IML. Genetic analysis is to estimate of genetics parameters and heredity with reciprocal cross and without reciprocal cross. Statistical analysis program solve the problem of the difficulties on the data analysis in field denetics and breeding Therefore the user whoever want to analysis of data on genetics and breeding easily conduct the work saving time and suffering.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1805-1811
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• 2007

A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of reciprocal cross on the detection and characterization of parent-of-origin (POE) QTL in $F_2$ QTL populations. Data were simulated under two different mating designs. In the one-way cross design, six $F_0$ grand sires of one breed and 30 $F_0$ grand dams of another breed generated 10 $F_1$ offspring per dam. Sixteen $F_1$ sires and 64 $F_1$ dams were randomly chosen to produce a total of 640 $F_2$ offspring. In the reciprocal design, three $F_0$ grand sires of A breed and 15 $F_0$ grand dams of B breed were mated to generate 10 $F_1$ offspring per dam. Eight $F_1$ sires and 32 $F_1$ dams were randomly chosen to produce 10 $F_2$ offspring per $F_1$ dam, totaling 320 $F_2$ offspring. Another mating set comprised three $F_0$ grand sires of B breed and 15 $F_0$ grand dams of A breed to produce the same number of $F_1$ and $F_2$ offspring. A chromosome of 100 cM was simulated with large, medium or small QTL with fixed or different allele frequencies in parental breeds. A series of tests between Mendelian and POE models were applied to characterize QTL as Mendelian, paternal, maternal or partial expression QTL. The overall detection powers were similar between the two mating designs. However, the proportions of paternally expressed QTL that were declared as paternal QTL type were greater in the reciprocal cross design than in the one-way cross, and vice versa for Mendelian QTL. When QTL alleles were segregating in parental breeds, a significant proportion of Mendelian QTL were spuriously declared POE QTL, suggesting that care must be taken to characterize imprinting QTL in a QTL mapping population with a small number of $F_1$ parents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1816-1825
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• 2019

Objective: We tried to analyze allele-specific expression in the pig neocortex using bioinformatic analysis of high-throughput sequencing results from the parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes from reciprocal crosses between Korean Native and Landrace pigs. Methods: We carried out sequencing of parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes using next generation sequencing. We subsequently carried out genome scale identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two different ways using either individual genome mapping or joint genome mapping of the same breed parents that were used for the reciprocal crosses. Using parent-specific SNPs, allele-specifically expressed genes were analyzed. Results: Because of the low genome coverage (${\sim}4{\times}$) of the sequencing results, most SNPs were non-informative for parental lineage determination of the expressed alleles in the offspring and were thus excluded from our analysis. Consequently, 436 SNPs covering 336 genes were applicable to measure the imbalanced expression of paternal alleles in the offspring. By calculating the read ratios of parental alleles in the offspring, we identified seven genes showing allele-biased expression (p<0.05) including three previously reported and four newly identified genes in this study. Conclusion: The newly identified allele-specifically expressing genes in the neocortex of pigs should contribute to improving our knowledge on genomic imprinting in pigs. To our knowledge, this is the first study of allelic imbalance using high throughput analysis of both parental genomes and offspring transcriptomes of the reciprocal cross in outbred animals. Our study also showed the effect of the number of informative animals on the genome level investigation of allele-specific expression using RNA-seq analysis in livestock species.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 1989

Reciprocal crosses were conducted between three strains of Taiwan Country chickens, developed in the National Chung-Hsing University, and two strains of Single Comb White Leghorns, developed in the Taiwan Livestock Research Institute. Traits studied were growing performances, laying performances, egg quality traits and traits concerning disease resistance, including resistance to Marek's disease virus and immune responses to Newcastle disease virus vaccine and to sheep red blood cell. Results indicated that laying performances of Taiwan country chickens were much inferior to White Leghorns, but they matured earlier, their eggs had better shell strength and larger proportion of yolk, and their general disease resistance was much better than White Leghorns. Heterosis were found in laying performances and egg quality traits. The heterosis in laying traits was so large that the hybrid laid as many eggs and as large eggs as did pure strains of White Leghorns. Strategies on the improvement of native chickens and the utilization of genetic merits of native chickens were also discussed.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2009

The present longitudinal study examined reciprocal influence between self-esteem and academic achievement using cross-lagged autoregressive model. This study employed data(four wave) from Korea Youth Panel Survey. Participants were 300 students(143 boys, 157 girls) who were 4th graders in 2004 and 7th graders in 2007. The results of this study indicated that 4th graders' self-esteem influenced 5th graders' academic achievement, in turn, 5th graders' academic achievement influenced 6th graders' self-esteem. However, students' self-esteem in 6th grade did not influence their academic achievement during 7th grade. Conversely, 6th graders' academic achievement influenced 7th graders' self-esteem.

• 아동학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.181-193
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• 1994

The purpose of this research was to study differences between reciprocal and unidirectional friendships and to examine evidence on whether certain constituents of friendship can predict the termination of friendships. A total 375 subjects- 190 elementary and 185 middle school children in Pusan- were administered questionnaires two times at an interval of 3 months. Frequency, factor-analysis, t-test, discriminant-analysis, and cross classification analysis were applied for data analysis. The results of the study were as follows: 1) The different constituents of reciprocal and unidirectional friendships were statistically significant. That is, children in reciprocal friendships perceived their relationships more positively, felt closeness more strongly, and evaluated their friend more highly than the children in unidirectional friendships. 2) The termination of reciprocal friendships was predicted by the constituents of friendship. The most powerful predictor was the degree of closeness and the second powerful predictor was the degree of commitment to the relationship and the 3rd powerful predictor was perceived characteristics of the friend. The last powerful predictor was perceived characteristics of the relations. 3) There were no sex differences in the rate of termination of reciprocal relationships. 4) There were age differences in the rate of friendship termination of reciprocal relationships. That is, the rate of termination of reciprocal relationships among older children was higher than among younger children.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2012

정교배체인 각시붕어, Rhodeus uyekii (♀)${\times}$떡납줄갱이, R. notatus (♂) 잡종, 그리고 상반교배체인 떡납줄갱이 (♀)${\times}$각시붕어(♂) 잡종을 대상으로 혈액도말을 통한 적혈구 크기, flowcytometry를 통한 세포유전학적인 형질 및 truss dimension과 classical dimension에 의한 외부 계측형질에서의 특성을 부모종간의 차이를 비교하였다. 각시붕어와 떡납줄갱이의 정교배체 및 상반교배체의 계측형질은 일반적으로 이들 유도시 사용된 모계와 부계 종의 중간을 보였다. 정교배체는 14개의 계측형질이 부계의 형질과 유사하였으며 7개의 계측형질이 모계의 형질과 유사하였다. 상반교배체의 경우, 13개의 계측형질이 부계의 형질을, 5개의 계측형질이 모계의 형질과 유사하였다. 정교배체와 상반교배체의 체색소 분포는 중간을 보이나 양친 종을 닮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 적혈구 크기와 DNA 함량은 정교배체와 상반교배체 모두 모계의 적혈구 크기 및 DNA 함량을 따르는 경향이 나타났다(P<0.05). 본 연구에서 파악된 각시붕어와 떡납줄갱이의 잡종 계측형질 및 세포유전학적인 형질은 납자루아과의 관상어 개발시 종간 구별에 유용할 것이다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.447-468
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 자기회귀 교차지연 모델 (ARCL: autoregressive cross-lagged model)을 통해 검증된 청소년 비행과 일탈적 자아개념의 상호적 인과관계(이은주, 정익중, 2009)를 잠재 상태-특성 자기회귀 모델 (LST-AR: latent state-trait autoregressive model)의 적용을 통해 재검증하는데 있다. 일반적으로 상호적 인과관계의 검증을 위해 ARCL 모델이 적용되지만, 일탈적 자아개념이 갖고 있는 특성적 요인의 변량을 통제하지 않은 상태에서 비행과의 상호적 영향을 분석하게 되면 비행이 일탈적 자아개념에 미치는 영향에 대한 해석이 왜곡될 수 있다. 따라서 LST-AR 모델을 통해 일탈적 자아개념의 안정적 특성 및 변동적 상태를 구분하고, 특성적 요인을 통제한 후 상태적 일탈자아와 비행의 상호적 인과관계를 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 분석에는 한국청소년패널조사의 중2에서 고3까지 5년 종단자료가 활용되었다. 연구결과, 일탈적 자아개념과 비행의 상호적 인과관계가 재검증되었을 뿐만 아니라 일탈적 자아개념의 안정적 특성 및 변동적 상태 요인에 따라 비행과의 상호적 인과관계가 다를 수 있음도 확인되었다. 마지막으로 상호적 인과관계의 연구에서 안정적 특성과 변동적 상태 요인의 구분에 대한 방법론적 의미가 논의되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.903-912
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• 2012

In Erhualian and Yorkshire reciprocal cross $F_1$ pig populations, we examined the mRNA expression characteristic of liver-derived IGF-1, IGF-1R, IGF-2, IGF-2R and IGFBP-3 during the embryonic and postnatal developmental periods (E50, E70, E90, D1, D20, D70, D120 and D180). Our results demonstrated that the IGF-system genes mRNA levels exhibited an ontogenetic expression pattern, which was potentially associated with the porcine embryonic development, postnatal growth, organogenesis and even the initiation and acceleration of puberty. The expression pattern of IGF-system genes showed variation in the reciprocal cross ($F_1$ YE and EY pigs). This study also involved the expression features of imprinted genes IGF-2 and IGF-2R. The parent-of-origin effect of imprinted genes was reflected by their differential expression between the reciprocal crosses populations. The correlation analysis also indicated that the regulatory network and mechanisms involved in the IGF system were a complex issue that needs to be more fully explored. A better understanding of IGF system components and their interactive mechanisms will enable researchers to gain insights not only into animal organogenesis but also into somatic growth development and even reproduction.