• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.435-442
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different raising periods (24 and 48 months) on the physico-chemical quality and fatty acid composition of meat from Korean native black goats. In terms of proximate composition, the meat from the 24-month age-group of the goats contained lower moisture and protein content and higher fat and ash content than that from the 48-month age-group. With an increase in age, moisture and protein content increased, whereas fat and ash content decreased. The pH was higher as was the cooking loss in the meat from the 24-month age-group than in the meat from the 48-months age-group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the water-holding capacity and shear force of the meat from the two breeding periods (p > 0.05). A color analysis showed that the meat from the 24-month age-group had higher L*, a*, and b* values than the 48-month age-group (p < 0.05). The fatty acid composition and palmitic acid content increased with an increase in rearing periods, whereas stearic acid and oleic acid content decreased. The proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content was lower and higher, respectively, at 24 months of age and 48 months of age (p < 0.05).

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1974

When the nomal silkworms reached active time of 3rd instar stage both non-moulting larva and normal silkworms from the same rearing tray were collected and fixed. The silkworms in 4th instar stage whose growth was as dwarfish as those in 1st and 2nd instar stages were also collected and fix with the normal silkworms. Non-moulting larva and normal silkworms were morphologically compared and the examined results from the tissue inspection are summarized as follows： 1. In spite of the fact that the normal silkworms reached the active eating time of 3rd instar stage non-moulting silkworms were dwarfish as if they had been reared for two days. Non-moulting silkworms which were observed at the time of 4th instar stage showed no much difference in their growth. 2. There was the tendency that the exuvial gland as was shown in Fig. 1 and 2 was flat cyslidium of ellipse and its size at thorax was small shile the gland at abdomen was big. 3. The exuvial gland at thorax has been reported to be bigger at thoracic base than at dorsal vessel but according to the present it was examined to be irregular. 4. The size of exuvial gland of silkworms in the active eating stage of 3rd instar was from 151.3${\mu}$ (major axis) to 94.5${\mu}$ (minor axis) at prothorax and from 568.6${\mu}$ (major axis) to 495.1${\mu}$ (minor axis) at 7th abdominal segment. The sire oe exuvial gland of non-moulting silkworm was 57.5${\mu}$ (major axis) to 51.3${\mu}$ (minor axis) at prothorax and from 91.5${\mu}$ (major axis) to 75.5${\mu}$ (minor axis) at 5th abdominal segment (see Fig. 1) 5. When the normal silkworms reached 4th instar active eating stage its exuvial gland was compared to that of dwarfish silkworm. The result was that the size of normal silkworm at prothorax was from 252.2${\mu}$ (major axis) to 131.6${\mu}$ (minor axis) and the size of exuvial gland at 7th abdominal segment was from 691.5${\mu}$ (major axis) to 493.4${\mu}$ (minor axis) while the sire of exuvial gland of non-moulting at prothorax was from 71.4${\mu}$ (major axis) to 61.5${\mu}$ (minor axis) and the size of the non-moulting silkworm's 8th abdominal segment was from 94.6${\mu}$ (major axis) to 71.5${\mu}$ (minor axis) (See Table 2) 6. There was a remarkable difference in the from of exuvial gland of non-moulting silkworm. The size of alveolar of the non-moulting silkworm was many times larger compared to that of normal silkworm 7. There was no great difference between secretory cells of normal and non-moulting silkworms but the granular type exuvial gland was small in sire compared to that of normal silkworm.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 1974

Many of studies on the transovarial transmission of occult virus and their activation due to various stresses such as cold or heat treatment, chemical feeding, and nutritional deficiency, etc., in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. have been made, but any attempts have been not made to control virus diseases by detection of the occult virus-carried moths in the production of silkworm egg of hybrids, because of difficulty to detect occult virus in any stage. Therefore, it may be worth while to disclose whether a sublethal infection of the moths from which active virus are detectable, has the same level of induction rate as that of occult virus activation, thus to apply its results for the reduction of the occurence of virus diseases in silkworm rearing. For these purposes, the following experiment was conducted as one of preliminary steps. In this study, investigations on the generation-to-generation transmission of occult virus and a sublethal infection, and the role of chromosomal gene of the host, Jam 103 and Jam 104 in the Previous generation, and Jam 103 x Jam 103 and Jam 104 f Jam 104 in the next generation were made for the induction of virus diseases due to the transmitted virus. The frequency of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis due to the induction in the F$_1$ generation was markedly higher in the cross-batches, male$\times$female and male$\times$female in which inoculated individuals were used as fem ale parents than in the cross-batches, male$\times$female and male$\times$female in which virus has been not inoculated or inoculated only to male in the previous generation. The tendency of increasing rate was observed in any treatments; such as the inoculations of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (10$\^$5/, 10$\^$6/ 10$\^$7, and 10$\^$8//ml ill different concentration of inocula) , cold-treatment (5$^{\circ}C$, 12hrs or 24hrs), and formalin-feeding treatment (2％ or 3％). The shape of polyhedra (tetragonal in outline) examined in the F, larvae was identified as that of the inoculated polyhedra with partial application of immunofluorescent techniques. These results suggests that the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in B. meri L. are transmitted to the next generation through the egg, apparently in the occult state. And the experimental results of various cross-batches revealed the egg cytoplasm plays an important part i the transmission of the occult virus of the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

Though mulberry fruit is known to a by-product that was produced from mulberry tree after harvesting leaves for silkworm rearing, as a yield and consumption of mulberry fruit was increased, it has been fixing to a new income crop. But, a stable production of mulberry was issued on damage by the weather disaster, so it is requires that agricultural disaster insurance import. So, in this study as a basic research for a importation of agricultural disaster insurance, the cultivation of mulberry for the production of mulberry fruits, the shape of tree, the number of a bearing fruit from each cultivar, the occurrence of mulberry fruit sclerotic disease, and a yield and the market price of mulberry fruits were investigated and that results obtained were as follows; The number of mulberry tree each 10a was abundant in Buan and Jeongeup region that cultivated a suitable cultivar on low cut shape, however, a large cultivated Gochang region was little. The number of a bearing fruit per 1m on the branch was highest in the variety of Cheongilppong at Gochang. Yield of mulberry fruits each 10a was Cheongilppong at Gochang, followed by Iksuppong at Sangju. Average sale price of the mulberry fruits was high in the order of Gwasang No. 2, Suwonppong, Iksuppong, and Cheongilppong.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2014

The effect of different feeding rate on the growth and survival rate of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, were investigated in marine net cage culture and indoor tank culture. Feeding rate is determined that was fed 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage to abalone at body weight once daily : 5 daily feeding rate (DFR), 10DFR, 15DFR and 20DFR. After that, it was conducted to reared during thirteen month with two replicates in net-cage culture and indoor tank culture. In the growth performance of reared abalone (initial mean shell length $54.18{\pm}7.39mm$) in net cage culture, that the absolute growth rate (ARG), daily growth rate (DGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) to the shell length and shell breadth, as well as weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight of 20DFR were lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Also, survival rates of 20DFR was lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). In the growth performance of reared abalone (initial mean shell length $49.70{\pm}2.28mm$) in indoor tank culture, that the ARG, DGR and SGR to the shell length and shell breadth, as well as WG, DWG and SWG to body weight of 5DFR and 10DFR were lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). And also, survival rates of 20DFR was lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, these results is showed that the daily feeding rate for natural feed in net-cage culture and indoor tank culture should be to supply among 5-10 percents, taking into account growth, survival rate and economical efficiency.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 2014

This study was conduct to investigate the effect of Intermediate culture types on the growth and survival rate of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, in net cage and indoor tank. Intermediate cultures were to determine there that was to setting at marine net cage culture (NCC) in net cage, floor culture (FC), net floor culture (NFC), double shelter culture (DSC) and indoor net cage culture (INCC) in indoor tank, in two replicate. In the growth performance of juvenile abalone reared through intermediate culture, that the absolute growth rate ($AGR_{SL}$, $AGR_{SB}$), daily growth rate ($DGR_{SL}$, $DGR_{SB}$), and specific growth rate ($SGR_{SL}$, $SGR_{SB}$) to the shell length $(_{SL})$ and shell breadth $(_{SB})$ of NCC were higher than those of different groups (P < 0.05). As weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight through intermediate culture types in indoor tank was not significant. Also that, survival rate among experimental groups of intermediate culture in indoor tank was not significant. Therefore, these results is showed that should to cultivate for net cage so that intermediate culture of juvenile abalone over 2 cm, accordingly research to effective progress of juvenile abalone intermediate culture in indoor tank be should from various reason as well as feed and rearing condition.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.6
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• pp.77-99
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to show that the reason behind the ambivalent characteristic displayed in Niki de Saint Phalle's works is in her trauma and how such characteristic can be extracted from her works. During her creative years, Saint Phalle worked on various materials from different genres such as assemblages, shooting paintings, a series on Bride and Monster, 'Nana', 'Tarot Garden'and public sculptures. One commonality found among her various works is the ambivalent characteristic that contains contrasting elements simultaneously. Saint Phalle suffered a terrible psychological damage inflicted by her parents during her childhood. Specifically, she was sexually assaulted by her father and emotionally neglected by her mother, the trauma that affected her for the rest of her life. As a result, she came to develop extreme love- hate relationships with her parents and this became the main reason for the ambivalent characteristic displayed in her works. The love-hate relationship Saint Phalle developed can be identified through various researches done on the subject of the affect of sexual assault. It is common for incest victims to develop ambivalent feelings towards the perpetrator and Saint Phalle was no exception. Dissociation disorder and a snake well explain the trauma from her father. It is a generally accepted belief in the field of psychology that dissociation disorder commonly occurs to children who experience incest. And dissociation disorder is similar to the characteristic of ambivalence in the sense that a single entity contains more than two contrasting elements at the same time. In addition, the amputated doll objects used in her assemblages coincide with the expression of body detachment of people with dissociation disorder. These facts clearly indicate that the trauma from her father is showing through in her works. A snake is a subject matter that reflects the ambivalent tendency of Saint Phalle that resulted from her trauma. She remembers her father's rape as an image of a snake which is related to a phallic symbol in mythology or art reflecting her trauma. Moreover, she displays a similar pattern of ambivalent emotion like love and hate or fear towards a snake and her father. This is also confirmed by her portrayal of a snake as a monster or reversely as a creature with fundamental vitality in her works. The lack of affection from her mother can be explained by her mother's maternal deprivation. It appears that Saint Phalle's mother possessed all the causes for maternal deprivation such as maternal separation, personality disorder and inappropriate attitude towards child rearing. Especially, a study that shows mother's negative attitude towards child breeding tends to increase dissociation experience of children is another important evidence that supports Saint Phalle's dissociation tendency. These traces of Saint Phalle's trauma are clearly revealed in her assemblages and shooting paintings. The violent objects in her assemblages such as a hammer, razor, nail represent the rage and defensiveness towards her father. The objects such as fragments of broken plates of feminine patterns, pots and mirrors that her mother used symbolize the affection towards her mother. On the other hand, the destructed objects can be interpreted as her hate and resentment towards her mother. Shooting paintings contain her extreme fury and hate. Things such as acts of shooting and the image associated with blood after shooting are blunt expressions of her bursts of emotions. I have tried to define and classify the ambivalent characteristics shown in her assemblages and shooting paintings as hate, rage, violence, calm, love and pleasure according to the frame of Thanatos and Eros. Out of the six, hate, rage, violence and clam are associated with Thanatos while love and pleasure are associated with Eros and they correspondingly form an ambivalent structure. These ambivalent characteristics can be found in her assemblages and shooting paintings. The objects in her assemblages such as a razor, saw, hammer imply hate, rage, violence and the silence felt throughout her works represent calmness. And, as mentioned, the feminine objects can be seen as symbolizing love. In shooting paintings, hate, rage, violence can be found in the use of force and in the traces of watercolor after shooting, and a sense of pleasure in her feelings of catharsis after her shooting. Moreover, a shielded calmness can be found on the plywood all covered with plaster before the shooting. This study looked into the ambivalent characteristic of Saint Phalle's works by examining her trauma to find its correlation, and a meaning of this study can be found from the fact that it refocused the origin of Saint Phalle who is generally known as a feminist artist. Additionally, a meaning of the study can be found also from the fact that it examined the ambivalent characteristics of her works through a frame of Thanatos and Eros.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

We collected and reared Theragra chalcogramma walleye pollock brood-stock for use in natural spawning tests and undertook to obtain domestic pollock via fertilized egg capture, development of fertilized eggs, and absorption of yolk sac after hatching. Whole pollock were caught with trammel and set nets and immediately placed in a deep-sea water tank. Adults were the most common pollock age group (43.0%; n = 86) among the 254 pollock captured in March 2014 with 57.9% (n = 147) being captured off Southern Gosung, Korea. The main spawning period of pollock is February (spawning phase of 91% of pollock). From the deep-sea tank, we collected 1640 mL of naturally fertilized eggs (~820,000 eggs) from 12 spawning events occurring between February 4 and 22 2015. The floating/ live eggs were maintained in deep-sea water tanks at $5.5{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$. Egg size was $1.5{\pm}0.03mm$. Six hours after fertilization the eggs were at the 2 cell stage, and the eggs hatched approximately 340 hours after collection. At hatching, larval length and yolk sac area were $5.2{\pm}0.25mm$ and $9.5{\pm}1.00mm^2$ (100%), respectively. Four days after hatching, the yolk sac area was $2.2{\pm}0.53mm^2$ ($23.1{\pm}5.55%$). This is the first report of collection of naturally fertilized eggs from pollock and their subsequent hatching while held in an indoor deep-sea water tank. The results suggest that such collection could assist in the recovery of pollock resources and the possibility of domestic rearing of cultivated larvae.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.380-391
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• 1993

The experimental study was made to propose the treatment method of wastewater in the high-density fish culture system. The BOD to COD ratios of effluents were almost same to 0.65 in the eel-farm, but were various in the farm rearing together with tilapia etc. A BOD rate curve of the eel-farm effluent could be described mathematically by the equation, $BODu=14.1(1-10^{-0.222t})+30.9(1-10^{-0.035(t-8)})$. Nitrification in Biological Fluidized Bed(BFB) system to treat the fish-farm wastewater could be reduce ammonium level up to $65{\sim}79\%$ when ammonium loading rates were between 0.014 and 0.075g $NH_4/g$ BVS-day. Nitrification efficiency was decreased by organic matters in the wastewater when ammonium loading was low(0.014 g $NH_4/g$ BVS-day). T-N removal ratios were decreased to increase loading in denitrification process, because of low C/N ratio. Based on much higher biological mass concentrations, BFB system takes many advantages of a practical viewpoint, such as stability of treatment efficiency and reduction of necessary site area for the facility, as compared with conventional treatment systems.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 1997

The apparent nutrient digestibilities were examined by using chromic oxide indicator according to the various fecal collection methods in juvenile and adult Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Feces were collected from three replicate groups of fish by dissection, stripping or decantation using fecal collector attached to fish rearing tank, respectively. The digestibilities of dry matter, protein, lipid, and energy were affected by fecal collection methods (P<0.01), but not affected by fish size. The digestibilities of nutrient determined by stripping or decantation methods were significantly higher than those determined by dissection method (P<0.01). No significant differences in the digestibilities of protein, lipid and energy were found between the stripping and decantation methods in adult fish (P>0.01). The digestibilities of dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, nitrogen-free extract, and total amino acids in juvenile and adult fish were 58, 93, 94, 79, 32, and $93\%$, and 61, 94, 96, 80, 29, and $94\%$, respectively, when they were measured by decantation method. Methionine, cystine and valine digestibilities were significantly lower than those of other amino acids in both juvenile and adult fish (P<0.01). Results indicate that stripping or decantation with fecal collector could be a reliable digestibility procedure for measuring the nutrient digestibilities in Korean rockfish.