• The Mathematical Education
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 2021

This article is devoted to investigating young learners' understanding of elapsed time from socio-cultural perspectives. The socio-cultural perspective benefits to access and personalize mathematics learning as how to have a mathematical object to be able to realize signifiers with the help of many other mathematical words and mediators. In terms of the realization of signifiers, I analyzed performances on elapsed time tasks of students in Grades 3 (n=115) and interviewed focal students. Quantitative analysis on students' performance identified that students perform differently when the task provided with the analog clock signifier. It suggested that students might think in a different way upon the given signifier even for the same elapsed time, especially when given as the analog clock. Qualitative analysis on focal students' interviews visualized how the students' understanding were different by displaying individual realization trees on elapsed time. The particular location of the analog clock signifier on each realization tree provided a personalized explanation about low performance on the task with analog clock signifier. The finding suggested that the realization of a specific signifier could be a key point in elapsed time understanding. I discussed why a majority of students face difficulty in elapsed time learning indicated analog clock and the advantage of moving elapsed time strands to higher grades in the school mathematics curriculum.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.52-56
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• 2011

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.94-102
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• 2007

In de-noising, it is wellknown that wavelet-thresholding algorithm shows near-optimal performances in the minimax sense. However, the wavelet-thresholding algorithm is difficult in realization it on hardware, such as FPGA, because of wavelet function complexity. In this paper, we present a new do-noising technique with the binary tree structured filter bank, which is based on the signal power ratio of each subbands to the total signal power. And we realize it on FPGA. For simple realization, the filter banks are designed by Hadamard transform coefficients. The simulation and hardware experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method is similar with that of soft thresholding de-noising algorithm based on wavelets, nevertheless it is simple.

• Journal of Semiconductor Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.136-141
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• 2021

This paper analyzes the tree expansion for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection in the viewpoint of hardware implementation. The tree expansion is to calculate path metrics of child nodes performed in every visit to a node while traversing the detection tree. Accordingly, the tree-expansion unit (TEU), which is responsible for such a task, has been an essential component in a MIMO detector. Despite the paramount importance, the analyses on the TEUs in the literature are not thorough enough. Accordingly, we further investigate the hardware complexity of the TEUs to suggest a guideline for selection. In this paper, we focus on a pair of major ways to implement the TEU: 1) a full parallel realization; 2) a transformation of the formulae followed by common subexpression elimination (CSE). For a logical comparison, the numbers of multipliers and adders are first enumerated. To evaluate them in a more practical manner, the TEUs are implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process, and their propagation delays, gate counts, and power consumptions were measured explicitly. Considering the target specification of a MIMO system and the implementation results comprehensively, one can choose which architecture to adopt in realizing a detector.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.105-118
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is not only to compare between 'Opened Landscape' and 'Filtered Landscape' image and preference but also to suggests a guide line of planting design for progressive realization. For this, the image structures of photo-sketch simulation for parallax landscape have been investigated by Semantic Differential scale(S.D. scale) and the Factor analysis. The results could be summarized as follows. The results of S.D. scale values for landscape through parallax were greater than non-parallax landscape. The scenes through parallax were better preferred to direct view. Thus the results of photo-sketch simulation test support the expected hypothesis that the visual environment of complexity and variety is closely correlated with the parallax effect and monotonous or non-parallax environment, and parallax effect on close view more bigger than the distant view. Factors covering the spatial image of parallax landscape were found to be seven and Total values were 60.35 %. The most important factors determining the parallax effect were Factors I 'depth of space' and VI 'expectation of space and interest'. An outstanding view must be handled properly to be preserved or accentuated. In this sense, the parallax spatial beauty with tree could be improved through the visual aspects of plan arrangements and the progressive realization appeared to be one effective design technique for landscape planning and design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2 s.121
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to create a planting design for progressive realization. For this, visual preferences as measured via questionnaire were evaluated by the Scenic Beauty Estimation(SBE) and paired comparison methods. The results can be summarized as follows. Through photo observation, the average visual blockage ratio was 38% and the range of degree of the visual blockage ratio was $30{\sim}50%$. The sketch simulation and filtered pattern received the highest preference score and fumed out to be the most practical pattern out of all the patterns evaluated. Also, in the sketch simulation, the high preference values were observed for a distance of 9 to 12m from the view point to the blockage tree with a D/H ratio of 2. The preference score significantly decreased with the increase of the visual blockage ratio having a turning point at $30{\sim}35%$ of the visual blockage ratio, even though the distance parameters were more important than the visual blockage ratio in the scores. An outstanding view must be handled properly to be preserved or accentuated. Framed, open, enclosed, screened or filtered pattern views should be completely revealed only from their best vantage point, not given away at first glimpse. It this sense, parallax spatial beauty with trees could be improved through the visual aspects of plan arrangements and seems to be an effective design technique for landscape planning and planting design.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.459-469
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to explore the educational effect by developing and applying a decision tree-based artificial intelligence convergence education program. To achieve the purpose of this study, the study was conducted through a three-step process of preparation, development, and improvement. In addition, it consisted of four stages of the creative problem-solving process: 'Understanding the problem', 'Idea search and development', 'realization' and 'evaluation'. In particular, the artificial intelligence convergence education program developed in this study is an unplugged activity that does not include programming. Therefore, it is very noteworthy that artificial intelligence convergence education was implemented in subjects other than technology and home economics education, and information education, which are part of junior engineering education, and practical arts education in elementary education, which is a subject that learns Artificial Intelligence technology including programming during class time. In other words, it shows that AI technology can be integrated and taught in most subjects, not specific subjects and has great significance in that it can utilize the concepts and principles of artificial intelligence technology when teaching the concept of classification, which is included in the curriculum.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1987.07b
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• pp.1598-1601
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• 1987

This paper proposes a new set of topological features (primitives) for use with a syntactic recognizer for high-accuracy recognition of printed alphanumeric characters. The recognition is accomplished on nine character groups, where each group has different combinations of four feature points. A skeleton enhancement eliminating isolated points and smoothing irregular points is developed. The tree automata processed in parallel enables the realization of high-recognition speeds and font-type independent recognition. The proposed character recognition system is tested for alphanumeric character fonts of dot matrix printer and plotter using IBM-PC/XT.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.510-525
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate adult learners' experience by studying Humanities & General Education and get to know types and characteristics by classifying their learning experiences. This study uses grounded theory method which is suitable to investigate subjective experiences. In this study, data is collected from 13 adult learners by using Focus Group Interview(FGI) who participate in learning experience of Humanities & General Education of D university in Busan region. The data is categorized by open coding, axial coding and selective coding based on data analysis method of grounded theory and analysis processes. This study provides several outcomes as follows: 113 concepts, 38 subcategories and 16 upper categories are derived through the process of abbreviation and categorization of learning experience of Humanities & General Education. In a process of learning experience, this study shows interrelationship in a frame of paradigm and derives results of a process of abbreviation and categorization casual condition, contextual condition, phenomenon and interaction(help/obstruction factor). Tree types of learning experiences and characteristics are drawn as follows: 1) "Self-realization" is the type who participate in Humanities & General Education with desire of learning and they want to find identity and plan detailed future. 2) "The pursuit of happiness" has less desire on learning than "self-realization" and they are types who participate in Humanities & General Education because of someone else's help and suggestion. 3) "Local community" is the type who participate in Humanities & General Education because they feel necessity of social role and they expect local development based on their interest in local community. Several conclusions and suggestions are provided for further studies.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2005

In machine translation the goal of natural language generation is to produce an target sentence transmitting the meaning of source sentence by using an parsing tree of source sentence and target expressions. It provides generator with linguistic structures, word mapping, part-of-speech, lexical information. The purpose of this study is to research the Korean Characteristics which could be used for the establishment of an algorism in speech recognition and composite sound. This is a part of realization for the plan of automatic machine translation. The stage of MT is divided into the level of morphemic, semantic analysis and syntactic construction.