• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.485-488
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• 2015

Background: Oxidative stress caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species plays an important role in human carcinogenesis. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) Val-9Ala in the mitochondrial target sequence is the best known polymorphism of this enzyme. The purpose of the current research was to assess the association of MnSOD Val-9Ala genotypes with the risk of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: This case-control study covered 54 gastric cancer patients compared to 100 cancer free subjects as controls. Extraction of DNA was performed on bioptic samples and genotypes were identified with a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results: The frequencies of MnSOD Ala/Ala, Ala/Val and Val/Val genotypes in healthy individuals were 24.3, 66.7 and 9%, respectively. However, in gastric cancer patients, Ala/Ala, Ala/Val and Val/Val were observed in 24.0, 48.0 and 28.0% (p=0.01). In patients the frequency of MnSOD Val allele was higher (52%) compared to that in controls (42%). Conclusions: The results of this study show a positive association between MnSOD Val-9Ala gene polymorphism and risk of gastric cancer disease in Iranian population.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

A bibliographical review of Gy sampling theory for particulate materials was conducted to provide readers with useful means to reduce errors in soil contamination investigation. According to the Gy theory, the errors caused by the heterogeneous nature of soil include; the fundamental error (FE) caused by physical and chemical constitutional heterogeneity, the grouping and segregation error (GE) aroused from gravitational force, long-range heterogeneous fluctuation error ($CE_2$), the periodic heterogeneity fluctuation error ($CE_3$), and the materialization error (ME) generated during physical process of sample treatment. However, the accurate estimation of $CE_2$ and $CE_3$ cannot be estimated easily and only increasing sampling locations can reduce the magnitude of the errors. In addition, incremental sampling is the only method to reduce GE while grab sampling should be avoided as it introduces uncertainty and errors to the sampling process. Correct preparation and operation of sampling tools are important factors in reducing the incremental delimitation error (DE) and extraction error (EE) which are resulted from physical processes in the sampling. Therefore, Gy sampling theory can be used efficiently in planning a strategy for soil investigations of non-volatile and non-reactive samples.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2001

신경교세포에서 황금추출물이 반응성 산소기에 의한 세포 사망을 방지할 수 있는지를 확인하기 위하여 사람의 glioama 세포주인 A172 세포를 사용하여 $H_2O_2$의 독성작용에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 세포 사망 정도는 tryptan blue exclusion과 MTT reduction assay로 평가하였다. $H_2O_2$는 세포 사망을 유도하였으며 또한 세포내 ATP 함량을 감소시켰으며, 이러한 효과는 황금 추출물에 의해 방지되었으며 그 효과는 농도 의존적으로 나타났다. $H_2O_2$에 의한 세포 사망은 잘 알려진 flavonoid인 quercetin과 철착염제인 phenanthroline에 의해 방지되었으나, 항산화제인 DPPD나 Trolox에 의해서는 영향을 받지 않았다. $H_2O_2$는 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase를 활성화시켰으며, 이러한 효과는 황금, quercetin 및 phenanthroline에 의해 억제되었다. 황금 추출물은 유기산화제인 t-buthyhydroperoxide 및 중금속인 수은에 의한 세포 사망을 방지하였다. 이러한 실험 결과는 황금 추출물이 $H_2O_2$에 의한 세포 사망을 방지하며 그 효과는 황금의 flavonoid 성분이 철과 결합하여 $H_2O_2$로부터 hydroxy radical의 생성을 억제함으로써 나타나는 것으로 추측된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2019

Ecklonia cava, an edible marine brown alga (Laminariaceae), is a rich source of bioactive compounds such as fucoidan and phlorotannins. Ecklonia cava extract (ECE) was prepared using 70% ethanol extraction and ECE contained 67% and 10.6% of total phlorotannins and dieckol, respectively. ECE treatment significantly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells and pit formation in bone resorption assay (p <0.05). Moreover, it suppressed RANKL-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in a dose dependent manner. Downregulated osteoclast-specific gene (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K, and matrix metalloproteinase-9) expression and osteoclast proliferative transcriptional factors (nuclear factor of activated T cells-1 and c-fos) confirmed ECE-mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis. ECE treatment ($100{\mu}g/ml$) increased heme oxygenase-1 expression by 2.5-fold and decreased intercellular reactive oxygen species production during osteoclastogenesis. The effective inhibition of RANKL-stimulated osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress by ECE suggest that ECE has therapeutic potential in alleviating osteoclast-associated disorders.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1323-1331
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the effect of extraction solvents on antioxidant bio-active compounds as well as potential antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition of Phyllanthus acidus (P. acidus) leaf extract in minced pork. Methods: The effect of various solvent systems of water, 25%, 50%, 75% (v/v) ethanol in water and absolute ethanol on the extraction crude yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activities of P. acidus leaves was determined. In addition, antioxidant activities of the addition of crude extract from P. aciuds leaves at 2.5 and 5 g/kg in minced pork on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation decolorization, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS) were determined. Moreover, sensory evaluation of the samples was undertaken by using a 7-point hedonic scale. Results: The results showed that the highest crude yield (2.8 g/100 g dry weight) was obtained from water which also had the highest recovery yield for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the strongest antioxidant activity. The addition of crude water extract from P. acidus leaves was more effective in retarding lipid peroxidation and higher antioxidant activity than control and butylated hydroxytoluene in minced pork. In particular, the samples containing P. acidus extract had no significant effect on the sensory scores of overall appearance, color, odor, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability compared to the control. Conclusion: Water solvent was an optimally appropriate solvent for P. acidus leaf extraction because of its ability to yield the highest amount of bio-active compounds and in vitro antioxidant property. Particularly, P. acidus crude water extract also strongly expressed the capacity to retard lipid oxidation, radical scavenging, radical cation decolorization and reducing power in minced pork. The results of this study indicated that P. acidus leaf extract could be used as natural antioxidant in the pork industry.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.108-115
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• 2015

Vinca alkaloid compounds including vincamine from Vinca minor L. have been extracted by ethanol and hot water extraction methods. Antimicrobial properties of those extracts have been investigated against dandruff causing microorganism Malassezia furfur, yeast, Gram positive and negative bacteria. Vincamine standard and ethanol extract showed no sign of antimicrobial activity, whereas hot-water extract had the activity against M. furfur. Furthermore hot water extract had antimicrobial activity against Gram positive Bacillus sp. and Gram negative Escherichia coli. Cytotoxic properties of those extracts have also been investigated with HaCaT cell (human keratinocyte), HT-29 cell (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell) and Raw cell, showing no significant cytotoxic effects. We also measured the ROS using dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), a popular fluorescence-based probe for reactive oxygen species detection. The result showed the increasement of reactive oxygen species formation (20%) in HaCaT and HT-29 cell lines.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2006

Enzymatic extracts were prepared from the blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) collected in Jeju, Korea. Five carbohydrases namely AMG, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo and Viscozyme, and five proteases namely Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase and Protamex were used to prepare the enzymatic extracts. Antioxidant properties of each extracts were studied using stable 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, metal chelating assays and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity in hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid system. The phenolic content of all enzymatic extracts was in the range of 517.85-597.96 mg/100 g dried sample. DPPH and NO${\cdot}$scavenging, and metal chelating assays exhibited prominent activities. Viscozyme showed the highest DPPH activity $(0.046{\pm}0.002\;mg/mL)$ while AMG Showed the highest activity in NO${\cdot}$scavenging $(0.339{\pm}0.011\;mg/mL)$. All the extracts exhibited strong metal chelating activities. Blueberry enzymatic extracts also showed relatively good activity in hydrogen peroxide scavenging. AMG showed the highest lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity $(0.28{\pm}0.01\;mg/mL)$ in hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid system. In this results, the blueberry, which has potential antioxidant components, may be a good candidate as a natural antioxidant source.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.436-445
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• 1986

As the second part of the studies on the utilization of polyunsaturated lipids in sardine oil as nutritional or medical supplement, the conditions of lipid extration and concentration, refining, and storage stability of EPA-condensed sardine oil were investigated. In extraction of lipids, solvent ratios of chloroform-methanol mixture(2:1 v/v) affected the final content of unsaturated lipid in extracted oil and recovery. Stepwise solvent fractionation method at various low temperatures was effective to concentrate polyenoic acids like EPA and DHA when acetone or acetone-methanol mixture, added in the ratio of 1:5 (v/v) was applied step by step to different temperatures at 0 to $-35^{\circ}C$. Addition of 1 to $5\%$ (v/v) of water to acetone was also benefit to raise EPA content but that resulted in reducing the yield of condensed oil from $65\%\;to\;28\%$. Concentration rate of polyenoic acids by solvent fractionation in lipid-actone solution (1:5, v/v) at 0 to $-30^{\circ}C$ seemed limited to $5{\sim}8\%$ in fatty acid composition depending on the initial content of those polyenoic acids in the sardine oil. During the extraction, concentration, and alkaline treatment, oxidation was rapidly induced but oxidation products could be thoroughly removed on the process of deceleration and peroxide elimination. To stabilize the reactive polyenoic acid condensed oil during the storage, stuffing nitrogen gas was essential to expel dissolved oxygen in oil or to seal the oil from open air, and the addition of antioxidative agents as BHA and tocopherols were greatly helpful to extend the storage life.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.971-976
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• 1999

Exo-polygalacturonase (EPG) from Rhizopus sp. was applied to the extraction of pectin from pear pomace because EPG produces pectin by solubilizing protopectin. The content of total galacturonic acid in water-alcohol insoluble pectin (WAIP) was determined as 34.6%. Pear pomace was solubilized by using EPG, with regarding reaction pH, temperature, time and ratio of enzyme to substrate in order to find optimum condition. While the yield by an acidic treatment was 6.2%, the maximum yield by an enzymatic treatment was 23.4% under the extraction condition of pH 7.8, $60^{\circ}C$, 36 hr and 1/10 of enzyme/substrate. At this condition, the purity and methoxyl content of enzyme-extracted pectin were, respectively, 34.7% and 0.7%, while those of acid-extracted pectin were, respectively, 71.1% and 5.0%. Meanwhile, the average molecular weight of pectin extracted by the enzymatic method was $2.5{\times}10^{3}$ while that of acid-solubilized pectin was $8.4{\times}10^{3}$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.635-639
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• 1995

The effective extraction of antioxidative substances from soybean was investigated by using various solvents, such as water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform, benzene, ethyl acetate, ether, dichloromethane, and hexane. Extraction was performed by cold method at $30^{\circ}C$ and by reflux method at $85^{\circ}C$. The antioxidative effect of the extracts was determined by peroxide value during the oxidation of soybean oil containing the extracts at $105^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, and also by TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) formed during the peroxidation of egg lecithin liposomes. The antioxidant activity of the extracts from raw soybean was higher than that from defatted soybean. The antioxidant activity of the extracts by reflux method was higher than that by cold method. The methanol extract from defatted and roasted soybean(DRS) showed the highest antioxidative effect against oxidation of soybean oil, while the water extract from DRS in egg lecithin liposomes. In the peroxidation of egg lecithin liposomes, the antioxidative effect of polar solvents extracts were higher than those by nonpolar solvents extracts.